复杂结构隧道火灾烟气逆流与温度分布的数值模拟

隧道结构对火灾具有一定的影响,为了得到大曲率、变坡度复杂结构隧道火灾的烟气特性,依托深圳市某长大公路隧道建设工程,建立隧道模型,利用Star-CD/CCM^+数值模拟软件的烟火向导模块,对不同通风速度下的重型货车火灾进行了模拟研究,分析了不同通风速度下隧道内的纵向温度分布规律。结果表明:火灾热释放速率为30 M W时,无通风条件下,火灾烟气的最高温度位于隧道顶棚下方20 cm处,火源正上方的温度最大达到1190℃,隧道坡度的存在使得火源上游烟气逐渐向下游扩散,下游烟气温度在300 s后保持在500℃以上,该高温会对隧道结构造成一定的损伤;控制烟气逆流的临界风速为4.0 m/s,大于由Wu&Baker经验公式得到的值.表明隧道曲率对流场运动有一定的抑制作用;在该临界风速的作用下,烟气向火源下游扩散,扩散速度为6 m/S,烟气的最高温度降低至550℃,且位置向火源下游偏移6 m。建议火源下游行驶车辆的疏散逃生速度大于6m/s。     

Comparative study of microbial community structure in different filter media of constructed wetland

Comparisons of microbial community structure, in eight filter media of zeolites, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filter media, gravel, steel slag and bio-ceramic, were undertaken by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition. A total of 20 fatty acids in the range of C_(11) to C_(20) were determined but only 13 PLFAs were detected in steel slag. They consist of saturated fatty acids, branched fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The variation of fatty acids was revealed in the relative proportions of these fatty acids in different media. The aerobic prokaryotes were the predominant group in all media. The PLFA composition showed significant differences among the eight different media by Tukey's honestly test. It was found that steel slag was significantly different in the microbial community as compared to other filter media, probably due to its alkaline effluent. Steel slag alone is probably not a good choice of substratum in constructed wetlands. The principle components analysis (PCA) showed that zeolites, bio-ceramic, shale and vermiculite had a similar microbial community structure while steel slag and ceramic filter media were distinct from other media.     

天津大港发电厂附近海域浮游植物群落结构及与环境因子的相关性

为了解电厂温排水和人海河流对浮游植物群落结构的影响,于2010年对大港电厂附近海域浮游植物和环境因子开展了冬、夏2个航次的调查,探讨了浮游植物群落结构时空分布特征及与环境因子的关系.结果表明,调查区共鉴定出浮游植物4门31属46种,其中硅藻在物种组成和细胞密度上均具有绝对优势.调查区浮游植物种群结构简单,组成相对稳定,细胞密度全年平均为729×107个/m3,高于渤海其他海域,且冬季数量高于夏季.受温排水和人海河流影响,浮游植物平面分布具有明显的空间效应和季节变化特征,呈近岸区高于远岸区的分布趋势.近岸站位TJHS1101和TJHS1117分别受人海营养盐和温排水的影响,夏、冬季呈现不同的分布特征.研究表明,浮游植物在夏季的限制性生长因子是可溶性无机氮,冬季是PO43--P;水温、NO2--N和NH4+-N是影响浮游植物空间分布的主要环境因子;盐度、pH值和DO.对浮游植物的影响表现出季节性差异.     

导弹环境适应性数据库开发构想

根据导弹设计师急需获取环境适应性信息指导相关工作的开展,但由于种种原因无从获取,通过构想,从现状、开发目标、可行性分析、需求分析、信息构成、组织及信息共享方式等角度对数据库开发所涉及的要素进行了分析,为导弹装备环境适应性数据库开发工作明确了思路,奠定了基础。     

行波管性能测试用试验箱的结构特点及其设计

介绍了一种专门用于行波管性能测试的试验箱的设计过程。在对试验箱结构特点进行分析的基础上,通过结构设计、制冷系统设计和控制系统设计,尤其在风道结构布局方面的创新设计,成功研制了该型试验箱,并在生产过程中得到了实际应用。     

2013年北川聚落空间的地质灾害灾情分析

北川羌族自治县是2008年汶川8.0级地震的极重灾区之一。2013年7月8-12日,北川县境内普降暴雨,引起地质灾害事件大面积爆发。洪灾之后的灾情普查数据表明,县域内共有1 318个居民点受到各类地质灾害的威胁,这些地质灾害点的类型多样、分布广泛并且所造成的危害严重。根据灾情普查数据,按乡镇单元提取了各自的灾害点数量、受威胁面积、受威胁户数、受威胁人数、受威胁财产以及防治费用等6个指标,采用主成分分析方法来进行地质灾害灾情的综合评价,根据各乡镇的综合得分对乡镇的灾情进行了排序。这个评价结果较好地反映了各乡镇之间的灾情差异,也为上一级政府进行诸如制定乡镇社会经济发展指标、决定防灾减灾资金及技术力量的投向等行政决策提供了直接依据。     

Characteristics of soil fauna community in the decomposition of Deyeuxia arundinacea litters北大核心CSCD

This study aimed to understand the soil fauna characteristics during the litter decomposition process of perennial herb Deyeuxia arundinacea. The litters were put in 6-, 30-, and 260-mesh litterbags to investigate their mass loss and the dynamics of soil faunal community during Aug. 2013 to Jul. 2014. Faster decomposition rate of Deyeuxia arundinacea in different meshes was found in the early period than in mid- and end-periods. Among different mesh sizes, 6-mesh had the fastest decomposition rate, followed by 30-mesh and 260-mesh. A total of 2218 individuals of soil fauna were obtained in different meshes, with 958, 737 and 523 individuals in 30-, 260- and 6-mesh respectively. Oribatida and Poduridae were the dominant groups, accounting for 73.22% of total individuals. The soil animal individual and group densities shared a very similar trend among the decomposition bags of three aperture sizes, all with obvious characteristics of seasonal dynamic distribution. During the 12 months of decomposition, the density of soil animal groups did not show significant difference between the 6 mesh and 260 mesh decomposition bags except for May. Correlation analysis showed that the group density was highly significantly correlated with average monthly temperature and rainfall, and the individual density significantly correlated with the average monthly temperature. The results indicated that the structure and diversity of soil fauna community of Deyeuxia arundinacea are influenced by hydrothermal conditions. The findings help in understanding the effect of soil fauna to perennial herb litter decomposition.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony(Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

海河干流浮游植物调查及环境影响因子研究

为研究海河干流汛期富营养化状况,于2013年8月对海河干流进行了浮游植物调查和水质监测,并采用冗余分析(RDA),研究了浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系.结果表明,浮游植物共计5门37种(属),优势种为水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)、微小色球藻(Chroococcus minutus)、颤藻属(Oscillatoria sp.)、钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)和梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana).浮游植物丰度范围为583.00～12 021.00×104 cells·L-1,生物量范围为4.01 ～45.70 mg·L-1,以蓝藻为主,海河干流处于重富营养状态.RDA分析结果表明,硝酸盐氮是显著影响海河干流浮游植物丰度变化的主要环境因子.控制营养盐的输入是防治海河干流蓝藻水华的主要措施.     

A comparative study on the alternating mesophilic and thermophilic two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste

An alternating mesophilic and thermophilic two stage anaerobic digestion(AD) process was conducted. The temperature of the acidogenic(A) and methanogenic(M) reactors was controlled as follows: System 1(S1) mesophilic A-mesophilic M;(S2) mesophilic A-thermophilic M; and(S3)thermophilic A-mesophilic M. Initially, the AD reactor was acclimatized and inoculated with digester sludge. Food waste was added with the soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) concentrations of41.4–47.0 g/L and volatile fatty acids of 2.0–3.2 g/L. Based on the results, the highest total chemical oxygen demand removal(86.6%) was recorded in S2 while S3 exhibited the highest SCOD removal(96.6%). Comparing S1 with S2, total solids removal increased by 0.5%; S3 on the other hand decreased by 0.1 % as compared to S1. However, volatile solids(VS) removal in S1, S2, and S3was 78.5%, 81.7%, and 79.2%, respectively. S2 also exhibited the highest CH4 content, yield, and production rate of 70.7%, 0.44 L CH4/g VSadded, and 1.23 L CH4/(L·day), respectively. Bacterial community structure revealed that the richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance of S2 were high except for the archaeal community. The terminal restriction fragments dendrogram also revealed that the microbial community of the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors in S2 was distinct. Therefore,S2 was the best among the systems for the operation of two-stage AD of food waste in terms of CH4production, nutrient removal, and microbial community structure.