CONNECTING GROUND WATER INFLUXES WITH FISH SPECIES DIVERSITY IN AN URBANIZED WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Valley Creek watershed is a small stream system that feeds the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The watershed is highly urbanized, including over 17 percent impervious surface cover (ISC) by area. Imperviousness in a watershed has been linked to fish community structure and integrity. Generally, above 10 to 12 percent ISC there is marked decline in fish assemblages with fish being absent above 25 percent ISC. This study quantifies the importance of ground water in maintaining fish species diversity in subbasins with over 30 percent ISC. Valley Creek contains an atypical fish assemblage in that the majority of the fish are warm‐water species, and the stream supports naturally reproducing brown trout, which were introduced and stocked from the early 1900s to 1985. Fish communities were quantified at 13 stations throughout the watershed, and Simpson's species diversity index was calculated. One hundred and nine springs were located, and their flow rates measured. A cross covariance analysis between Simpson's species diversity index and spring flow rates upstream of fish stations was performed to quantify the spatial correlation between these two variables. The correlation was found to be highest at lag distances up to about 400 m and drop off significantly beyond lag distances of about 800 m.     

Impacts of Recreation Trails on Exotic and Ruderal Species Distribution in Grassland Areas Along the Colorado Front Range

This study examines the establishment patterns of exotic and ruderal species along trail corridors in grassland areas of the Colorado Front Range. The effects of trail presence, trail age, and trail traffic levels on exotic and ruderal species establishment are explored to ascertain the potential impacts of trails on surrounding vegetation. Established trails exhibited a greater presence of exotic and ruderal species along the immediate trailside, showing that disturbed trailsides tend to encourage the growth of these species over time. Furthermore, the established trails exhibited significantly less native, nonruderal, and overall species richness at the trailside. These trailside patterns did not show a significant spread away from the trail edge, even after prolonged time periods. Finally, higher trail use tended to hasten the establishment of exotic species along the trailside. The trails did not introduce new species to the recreation areas; rather they acted as reorganizational tools for species that were already present in the study sites.     

Dynamics and Structural Changes of the Fluke Fauna in Fish of the Volga Delta Caused by the Rise of Water Level in the Caspian Sea

Changes in the Caspian Sea level and anthropogenic influences on biocenoses of the Volga Delta periodically result in the changes of dominant species among animal helminths. An abrupt rise of the sea level since the mid-1970s caused structural rearrangements in the fluke fauna of fish in the 1990s: the species whose development is connected with mollusks of the rheophilic complex became dominant.     

大气细颗粒物水溶成分和非水溶成分的细胞毒性

为了研究细颗粒物不同成分细胞毒作用的差异,以细颗粒物水溶成分和非水溶成分对人肺癌上皮细胞株A549细胞染毒.结果表明,在染毒剂量为100 μg·mL-1、200 μg·mL-1和300 μg·mL-1的范围内,水溶成分的细胞毒性明显高于非水溶成分(P(0.05),表现为抑制细胞活性,导致细胞膜损伤增加.并且诱导细胞活性氧(ROS)的产生.使用N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)和抗坏血酸(Vit C)阻断活性氧(ROS)产生的研究结果表明,与未加上述抗氧化剂的染毒组相比,加抗氧化剂的染毒组细胞的活性明显增强.因此,提示细颗粒物水溶成分是最主要的毒性成分之一,而氧化.应激损伤可能是细颗粒物细胞毒作用的重要机制之一.     

Preparation of Ti species coating hydrotalcite by chemical vapor deposition for photodegradation of azo dye

TiO_2 in anatase crystal phase is a very effective catalyst in the photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds in water. To improve its photocatalytic activity, the Ti-coating Mg Al hydrotalcite(Ti–Mg Al–LDH) was prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method.Response surface method(RSM) was employed to evaluate the effect of Ti species coating parameters on the photocatalytic activity, which was found to be affected by the furnace temperature, N2 flow rate and influx time of precursor gas. Application of RSM successfully increased the photocatalytic efficiency of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH in methylene blue photodegradation under UV irradiation, leading to improved economy of the process.According to the results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunner–Emmet–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Hallender, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra analyses, the Ti species(TiO_2or/and Ti~(4+)) were successfully coated on the Mg Al–LDH matrix. The Ti species on the surface of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH lead to a higher photocatalytic performance than commercial TiO_2-P25. The results suggested that CVD method provided a new approach for the industrial preparation of Ti-coating Mg Al–LDH material with good photocatalytic performances.     

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

纳米铜颗粒的种间毒性关系

纳米颗粒的种间毒性关系尚无明确结论,因此很难判断纳米颗粒对未进行毒性测试的物种的风险如何。本文作者将5种水蚤(Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia galeata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chydorus sphaericus)暴露于4种不同粒径的纳米铜颗粒(CuNPs)和1种亚微米铜颗粒的悬浊液中,考察物种的形态特征与CuNPs急性毒性的关系。结果显示,杆状的CuNPs比球状的CuNPs毒性更低。纳米铜颗粒与溶出铜离子均对CuNPs的毒性有贡献,其中,当新生蚤的体长、体表面积和身体体积更小时,5种悬浊液中颗粒的毒性更大。5种蚤的身体体积与5种CuNPs的毒性显著相关(r_adj²>0.51, p < 0.001),78-nm CuNPs与蚤身体体积的相关性最好 (r_adj²?=?0.95, p < 0.001)。这个研究可以为纳米颗粒对有相似外形特征的物种进行毒性种间外推提供线索。
精选自Lan Song, Martina G. Vijver, Geert R. de Snoo and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Assessing toxicity of copper nanoparticles across five cladoceran species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3000
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3000/full     

沿面放电氧活性物质注入协同SCR脱除烟气中NO_x

为了提高选择性催化还原(SCR)在低温区(200℃)的脱硝性能,提出利用插在烟道中的沿面放电反应器生成氧活性物质,部分氧化NO以实现低温快速SCR脱硝过程.同时,研究了氧活性物质注入实现快速SCR的脱硝性能,考察了氧活性物质注入降低二氧化硫和水蒸汽对SCR反应的影响.实验结果表明:在模拟烟气温度为150℃时,采用氧活性物质注入,部分氧化烟气中的NO以实现快速SCR反应条件下(NO/NO2浓度比为1),脱硝效率为51.9%,比标准SCR提升23%;当模拟烟气中存在SO2或H2O时,氧活性物质注入可有效降低SO2、H2O对SCR脱硝效率的影响.     

地形、树种和土壤属性对喀斯特山区土壤胞外酶活性的影响

土壤胞外酶在生态系统生物地球化学循环过程中扮演着重要角色,然而关于土壤胞外酶活性的主控因子研究还不够深入,特别是在偏碱性的钙质土壤区域相关研究尤其缺乏.本研究以典型喀斯特山区(木论国家级自然保护区)的林地为研究对象,采集不同地形条件(不同坡位和坡向)、不同树种(厚壳桂和伞花木)下的表层土壤(0~15 cm),测定了与碳、氮、磷循环相关的6种水解酶的活性及相关土壤理化性质.研究运用方差分解,并结合多响应置换过程以及冗余分析技术分析了地形、树种和土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,坡位对土壤酶活性有显著影响.树种和坡向对土壤酶活性的影响不显著.方差分解结果表明,地形、树种和土壤理化性质共同解释了土壤酶活性变化的55.3%,其中土壤因子是影响酶活性改变的主要因子,解释了44.2%的变异.而冗余分析的结果进一步表明在土壤因子中,pH、总氮和无机氮是影响土壤酶活性变化的主要指标.研究首次量化了喀斯特地区小尺度内地形、树种及土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性变化的影响.研究也说明了在喀斯特山区小尺度内土壤酶活性的变化可由土壤理化性质来表征.     

Investigation and Long-Term Monitoring of Phragmites australis Within Virginia's Constructed Wetland Sites

Phragmites australis Trin., and/or aggressive species, Typha spp. Tidally influenced wetlands that have subtidal perimeter ditches have significantly less (P < 0.05) P. australis in the wetland interior than those without perimeter ditches. Fractured regression analyses show that 6 years after construction, P. australis invasion can be extensive. Linear regression analysis suggests that, if conditions remain favorable for P. australis colonization, constructed wetlands could be overrun in 40 years.