Polytitanium sulfate (PTS): Coagulation application and Ti species detection

Interest in the development of inorganic polymerized coagulants is growing; however, there are only limited studies on the synthesis of polytitanium coagulants, which are expected to exhibit improved coagulation efficiency with better floc properties. This study presents the synthesis of polytitanium sulfate (PTS) for potential application in water purification, followed by characterization of PTS flocs and titanium species detection. Stable PTS solutions were successfully synthesized and standard jar tests were conducted to evaluate their coagulation efficiency. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) speciation analysis revealed that a variety of mononuclear and polynuclear complexes were formed in PTS solution, indicating the polymeric nature of the synthesized coagulant. Floc characteristics were studied through on-line monitoring of floc size using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Results showed that PTS had a comparable or in some cases even higher organic matter and particulate removal efficiency than Ti(SO₄)₂. The effluent pH after PTS coagulation significantly improved toward desirable values closer to neutral pH. Properties of flocs formed by PTS were significantly improved in terms of floc size, growth rate and structure. This study showed that PTS could be an efficient and promising coagulant for water purification, with the additional benefit that its coagulated sludge can be used to recover valuable TiO₂ nanoparticles for various commercial applications.     

大伙房水库水体及沉积物砷总量及形态分布特征

以0.03 mol·L-1磷酸和0.1 mol·L-1抗坏血酸萃取沉积物样品,以2.0 mmol·L-1NaH2PO4和0.2 mmol·L-1 EDTA(pH=6.0)为流动相,采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)联用技术,对大伙房水库表层水体、表层沉积物孔隙水和表层沉积物中的砷元素总量及赋存形态进行检测分析,同时对大伙房库区沉积物粒度进行取样分析.检测结果表明:大伙房水库库区水体及沉积物中砷元素主要以无机砷形态存在,未检测到有机砷形态;表层水体中砷总量较低;表层沉积物孔隙水中只检测到As(Ⅲ),As(Ⅴ)未检出,且部分采样点砷总量超出国家饮用水标准(10 μg·L-1,GB5749-2006),可能会对底栖生物造成影响;表层沉积物中砷总量较高,且As(Ⅲ)含量大于As(Ⅴ),说明库区沉积环境以还原性条件为主.总体来看,大伙房水库库区水体砷总量较低,但沉积物体系中砷元素总量较高,除R4采样点外均超过国家土壤环境Ⅰ级标准(GB 15618-1995).沿外源河流输入口向库区方向砷总量降低,说明库区砷元素主要来源于外源河流输入,且以浑河为主要来源.     

舟山群岛海洋动物体内石油烃的含量及对海域有机污染的指示作用

在1998～2004年对舟山海域4个县区40种海产品的石油烃含量,采用分子荧光光度法进行了检测,结果表明:(1)舟山群岛海洋动物体内石油烃含量的种间分布差异较大,以瓣鳃纲和腹足纲为主的软体动物的生物富集作用具有明显的区域和时段特征;(2)舟山群岛海洋动物体内石油烃含量在1998年和2001年的3 a有一个明显下降过程,而在2003和2004年又有了明显的上升趋势并在总体上已超过了1998年的水平;(3)以营埋栖的缢蛏和活动范围有限的龙头鱼,适于作为潮间带泥滩或河口区域等不同栖息生境有机污染的指示物种.     

Effect of organic matter and pH on mercury release from soils

An investigation was conducted on the effect of organic matter(OM)and pH on mercury(Hg)release from soils.Hg release flux was measured using the dynamic flux chamber(DFC)combined with the Lumex multifunctional mercury analyzer in both laboratory experiment and field monitoring.The results showed that Hg emission from the OM-added soils was apparently low because of the high affinity of OM to Hg,resulting in the reverse order as the amount of OM addition.Meanwhile,Hg release flux from different pH value soils exhibited the same trend for both Hg~(2 )and Hg_2~(2 )treatment,increasing the Hg flux with pH value of soils increasing.The trend of Hg release in the pH dependence experiment has been well in agreement with that from the field test.In addition,Hg release seemed to be related to its species in the soil,the flux from Hg~(2 )-added soil was obviously higher than that of Hg_2~(2 )-added soil by the laboratory experiment.     

我国淡水中锌的水生生物水质基准和生态风险

选取了中国常见的5种本土生物物种作为受试物种进行锌的急慢性毒理学实验,并搜集整理了其他国内外已报道的锌对中国本土物种的毒性数据,推导出锌的淡水水生生物的短期和长期水质基准。结果表明:由物种敏感度分布法(SSD)推导出的短期基准和长期基准分别为102.33,25.03μg/L,由毒性百分数排序法推导出的基准最大浓度(CMC)和基准连续浓度(CCC)分别为105.94,38μg/L,两种方法得出的基准值无显著差异,最终选用物种敏感度分布法得出的基准作为我国淡水中锌的水生生物基准。另外,运用商值法对我国主要水体中锌的生态风险进行评价,发现锌对水生生物的生态风险逐年升高,尤其是铅锌矿区周围水体中锌的生态风险更应引起广泛关注。     

纳米TiO2对短裸甲藻的毒性效应

为了揭示纳米TiO2对藻类的毒性作用和机制,研究了纳米TiO2对短裸甲藻的抑制特性及对酶活性、氧自由基等生理指标的影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2对短裸甲藻的生长有抑制作用,72 h半数致死浓度(EC50)为9.7 mg.L-1.在受试范围内随着纳米TiO2浓度的升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性显著性下降(P<0.05),随TiO2浓度增加,羟自由基的含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性显著性增加(P<0.05),超氧阴离子自由基含量也呈现升高的趋势.对照组羟自由基的含量是0.083U.mL-1,而在30 mg.L-1的纳米TiO2作用下,羟自由基的含量上升到1.1 U.mL-1.在20 mg.L-1纳米TiO2作用下,随着时间的延长,SOD活性、CAT活性和MDA(丙二醛)在暴露时间为12 h时达到最大,而48 h时降低到最小.12 h SOD的活性是0.14U.(107cell.min)-1,而48 h SOD的活性为0.01 U.(107cell.min)-1,而羟自由基只在48 h处呈显著性上升(P<0.05).纳米TiO2对抗氧化体系和自由基的影响可能与其抑藻机制有关.本研究为揭示纳米材料的环境生态效应提供了基础.     

桑沟湾溶解态无机砷的分布、季节变化及影响因素

作为一种化学形态有变的有毒类金属元素,砷在水环境中的生物地球化学行为被越来越多的学者所重视.利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)对2011年4月、8月、10月和2012年1月航次桑沟湾总溶解态无机砷(TDIAs,[TDIAs]=[As5+]+[As3+])和亚砷酸盐(As3+)的含量进行了测定.结果表明,4个航次中TDIAs的浓度范围分别为3.4~12.4、8.9~16.9、14.7~21.3和13.8~21.9 nmol·L-1,As3+的浓度范围分别为0.3~2.1、0.4~3.8、1.8~4.0和0.3~2.9 nmol·L-1.春、夏季桑沟湾TDIAs的浓度低于秋、冬季,高值出现在湾口和河口区.春、冬季As3+的含量低于夏、秋季,As3+与TDIAs的比值在夏季达到最大值.桑沟湾TDIAs平均浓度为13.9 nmol·L-1±4.7 nmol·L-1,低于美国环境保护署水质标准.根据我国地表水环境质量标准,桑沟湾属于一级水质,这表明桑沟湾未受到明显的人为污染.桑沟湾春、夏季TDIAs的浓度低于与之相邻的爱莲湾和俚岛湾,水文环境和陆源输入的差异是造成这种现象的主要原因.影响桑沟湾TDIAs分布的主要因素包括河流的输入、与黄海的交换以及生物活动的清除,其中养殖活动的影响尤为显著.养殖生物对砷的富集作用可能会带来潜在的生态危机和食品安全问题,需要相关部门加以重视,确保桑沟湾养殖产业的平衡发展.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.     

北京城区大气PM_(2.5)主要化学组分及污染特征

为了解北京城区大气PM2.5主要化学组成特征,于2012年8月─2013年7月对城区石景山、东四和通州3个采样点及城区对照点定陵和区域传输点榆垡开展为期1 a的PM2.5组分研究,共获得268组样品.结果表明:城区平均质量浓度大于1.0μg/m3的组分有OC、NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、EC、Cl-、Si、Ca、Al、K+,其中ρ(OC)、ρ(NO3-)、ρ(SO42-)、ρ(NH4+)分别为(22.2±17.1)、(21.5±25.9)、(19.8±23.7)、(14.3±16.8)μg/m3,分别占ρ(PM2.5)的17.9%、17.3%、15.9%、11.5%,城区各主要组分的平均质量浓度明显大于对照点;城区各采样点之间主要组分所占比例相差不大,与城区对照点、区域传输点差异明显;春、夏、秋、冬四季城区采样点的主要组分均为OC、NO3-、SO42-、NH4+,这4种组分质量浓度之和分别占各季ρ(PM2.5)的62.5%、54.2%、46.0%、62.7%,其中春季ρ(NO3-)、夏季ρ(SO42-)、秋冬季的ρ(OC)相对较高;北京城区各采样点均受SOC影响较大,OC/EC〔ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)〕的平均值为5.7,城区SNA(二次无机气溶胶)占ρ(PM2.5)的比例(15.0%~53.1%)和NO3-/SO42-〔ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO42-)〕(0.47~1.36)均随空气质量指数上升而增加,同时观测期间北京城区PM2.5中NO3-/SO42-的平均值为1.14,较往年明显增大,表明目前北京城区的PM2.5排放源逐步由以固定源为主向固定源和移动源并重的方向发展.     

铝盐混凝除砷影响因素及机制研究

铝盐混凝法被广泛应用于饮用水除砷工程.本研究选取三氯化铝(AlCl3)和富含Al13的聚合氯化铝(PACl)为絮凝剂,考察铝形态、pH值、腐殖酸(HA)以及共存阴离子对砷去除的影响与机制.结果表明,2种絮凝剂对As(Ⅲ)去除效能较低,对As(Ⅴ)去除率可达到近100%.pH影响混凝过程中铝形态分布,从而对铝盐混凝除砷效能产生重要影响.铝盐除砷效能与混凝过程中的Al13形态含量呈正相关关系.由于竞争吸附作用,HA和部分共存阴离子对砷的混凝去除产生负面影响.HA对混凝效能影响与絮凝剂投药量相关,投药量越低,则影响越大.PO34-和F-对混凝除砷效能影响显著,SiO23-、CO23-和SO24-对混凝除砷效能影响较小.本研究将对饮用水强化混凝去除原水中砷具有指导意义.