SSD法对西南碳酸盐岩母质区稻田土壤镉污染类型划分研究

在我国西南地区典型碳酸盐岩母质区域存在现行农用地土壤镉（Cd）污染风险管控标准值偏严的现象,表现为土壤中Cd含量超标而农产品中Cd无安全风险.针对该现实问题,在基于该地区稻米-土壤协同调查数据的基础上,充分考虑了土壤理化性质,通过分析样品中Cd的富集系数（BCF）并利用物种敏感性（SSD）分布模型,对Cd毒性剂量-效应关系进行拟合,最终反推出在不同pH下适用于典型碳酸盐岩类成土母质农用地土壤Cd污染的风险筛选值和管控值.结果表明:当土壤pH在5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5范围时,基于保护90%及10%的水稻品种安全所得的土壤Cd毒性阈值分别为HC₁₀=0.34 mg/kg和HC₉₀=2.00 mg/kg;在pH ≤ 5.5、6.5 < pH ≤ 7.5、pH > 7.5这3个pH条件下,HC₁₀分别为0.22、0.68和0.80 mg/kg,HC₉₀分别为1.64、4.80和9.20 mg/kg,当土壤中Cd含量低于HC₁₀时,表明稻米安全风险较低;当土壤中Cd含量介于HC₁₀~HC₉₀之间时,表明稻米安全具有一定风险,应对稻田土壤采取安全利用措施;当土壤中Cd含量超过HC₉₀时,表明稻米安全具有极高风险,应对稻田土壤采取严格管控措施.研究显示,我国西南地区典型碳酸盐岩母质区域农产品超标点位主要集中于5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5范围内,表明土壤pH对稻米Cd的富集效应有较大影响,在酸性条件下其富集效应更为显著.      

黄河三角洲湿地土壤微生物群落结构分析

采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)技术和16S rDNA克隆文库的方法,分析了黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤不同深度细菌和古菌的群落结构.研究表明,随着深度的增加,细菌群落的多样性下降,而古菌群落多样性则有上升的趋势,且土壤的细菌和古菌群落结构都呈现出规律的层状分布.该土壤包括各种硫酸盐还原菌、产甲烷古菌、光合细菌等丰富的细菌和古菌资源.图5参27     

旅游干扰下五台山不同植被景观区物种多样性特征

利用双向指示种分析方法(Two-way indicator species analysis,TWINSPAN)和6个物种多样性指数,研究了旅游干扰下五台山不同植被景观区物种多样性的特征.结果表明:1)TWINSPAN将所有样地划分为9类植被景观区,从Ⅰ区到Ⅸ区,随着旅游干扰程度的增加,植被景观大致由乔灌草区向灌草区、草本区和居民区方向变化.2)乔木层物种的丰富度和综合多样性随着旅游干扰的减小而趋于增加,但是其均匀度没有表现出明显的规律性.3)灌木层物种的丰富度和综合多样性也随着旅游干扰的减小而趋于增加,至于其均匀度,则呈现出在中度干扰下值最大,干扰很小的地方次之,在重度干扰下则最小.4)草本层物种的丰富度、均匀度和综合多样性指数均在旅游干扰适度的地方达到了最大值,在旅游干扰很小的地方,各种值则次之,在干扰严重的地方为最小.5)从整个植被层物种多样性的角度看,随着旅游干扰程度的减少,物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数和综合多样性指数均呈现趋于增加的趋势.表4参15     

应用物种敏感性分布评价敌敌畏对淡水生物的生态风险

敌敌畏是一类重要的有机磷杀虫剂,但其对水生生态的影响至今研究较少。为了评价其生态风险,构建了淡水水生生物对敌敌畏的物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型,在此基础上,讨论了影响SSD模型的主要因素;并分析了该模型的不确定性;推导了敌敌畏对不同类别生物的5%危害浓度HC5(hazardous concentration for 5%the species)阈值;整理收集了我国重要流域水体中敌敌畏的环境浓度;结合SSD模型计算了对淡水生物的潜在影响比例(potentially affected fraction,PAF)。结果表明:1)不同模型的选择会影响HC5的结果,且Burr III模型拟合结果较好,推导的HC5值为0.37μg·L-1;2)无脊椎动物在敌敌畏低浓度范围内的敏感性明显高于脊椎动物。甲壳类动物与昆虫和蜘蛛类相似,敏感度较高,鱼类则较低;3)应用Burr III模型构建SSD时,参数k值对HC5最为敏感,蒙特卡罗随机模拟得到HC5变化范围为0.05~40.57μg·L-1,均值为5.07μg·L-1;4)敌敌畏对我国淡水生态影响较小,PAF均低于1%,其中黄河和太湖流域敌敌畏的生态风险高于其他河流湖泊,珠江口和南海北部较低。上述研究结果为评价敌敌畏对全国不同水体水生生物的潜在生态风险提供了科学依据。     

应用物种敏感性分布评估重金属对海洋生物的生态风险

应用生态风险评价中的物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distributions,SSD)方法构建了8种常见重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb、Zn)对海洋生物的SSD曲线。在此基础上计算了8种重金属对海洋生物的5%危害浓度(HC5)及其不同暴露浓度对海洋生物的潜在影响比例(PAF),比较了海洋脊椎动物和无脊椎动物对8种重金属的敏感性以及不同重金属的急性生态风险。结果表明,重金属对甲壳类的生态风险均比鱼类大。8种重金属元素对所研究的海洋生物全部物种的HC5值的排序为Pb>Mn>Zn>Cr>Cu>Hg>Cd>As。暴露浓度小于10μg·L-1时,Cr和Hg的生态风险差异不大。在10μg·L-1的暴露浓度下,As、Cd、Cu和Hg均使全部物种中超过10%的生物受到影响。随着浓度升高,不同重金属的生态风险有不同幅度的增大,当浓度达到1000μg·L-1时,分别有82.49%、87.31%和85.90%的物种受到As、Cu和Hg的损害。不同生物的敏感性顺序会随重金属的浓度范围发生变化。     

不同土著草本群落对加拿大一枝黄花早期阶段入侵的抑制能力研究

为了解不同土著草本群落对加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)的入侵抑制能力以及可能的机制,以杭州湾南岸湿地围垦区具有相同演替阶段的3种优势土著草本白茅(Imperata cylindrical)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)和荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)群落为研究对象,以加拿大一枝黄花单优群落为参照,调查了不同群落中加拿大一枝黄花密度和地上部分生长(株高和基径)情况,测定了不同群落的光照水平和土壤理化性质,分析了土著群落中加拿大一枝黄花密度和地上部分生长与群落光照水平和土壤肥力的关系。结果表明:(1)土著群落显著降低加拿大一枝黄花密度(P0.05),白茅群落还显著降低加拿大一枝黄花地上部分生长(P0.05)。(2)土著群落降低了群落冠层光照水平,土著群落冠层中部光合有效辐射低于加拿大一枝黄花单优群落。白茅群落和荻群落盖度显著高于芦苇群落和加拿大一枝黄花群落(P0.05),冠层高度由大到小依次为荻、芦苇、加拿大一枝黄花和白茅;加拿大一枝黄花株高与其邻株株高间呈显著正相关(P0.001)。(3)土著群落土壤肥力低于加拿大一枝黄花单优群落,白茅群落土壤肥力最低,但多数指标与芦苇群落和荻群落差异不显著(P0.05)。认为遮光可能是土著群落抑制加拿大一枝黄花早期入侵的主要机制,而较低的土壤肥力水平可能与光竞争协同作用进一步加剧了土著群落对加拿大一枝黄花扩散的抑制。通过筛选和培育那些能同时降低群落光照水平和土壤肥力水平的土著群落可有效抑制加拿大一枝黄花入侵。     

基于农产品安全的土壤重金属有效态含量限值推定方法

相较于土壤重金属总量标准,有效态含量限值与农产品质量相关性更强,可更科学地指导土壤污染防治工作.通过典型重金属污染区域案例研究,在统计分析区域农田土壤重金属总量、有效态含量和不同水稻品种重金属蓄积量的基础上,运用物种敏感性分布(SSD)法,推定土壤中镉和铅的有效态含量限值.结果表明,大冶市农田土壤中Cd和Cu样本超标率分别是90. 7%和42. 6%,表明大冶市农田土壤存在较为广泛的Cd和Cu污染;糙米Cd和Pb的含量分别有50. 9%和89. 8%的样本超标,其平均值分别是相应农产品污染物限量标准的2. 95倍和6. 75倍,表明大冶市稻米受Cd和Pb污染严重.利用BurrⅢ型分布拟合样品中8个水稻品种富集Cd和Pb的SSD曲线,依据农产品中污染物限量标准推导计算得出,保证95%水稻品种糙米不超标的土壤重金属Cd和Pb有效态含量限值分别为0. 02 mg·kg-1和0. 005 mg·kg-1.比较于该区域土壤中Cd有效态含量调查数据和其他国家或研究有效态含量限值,Cd有效态含量推导限值较为科学,可应用于当地土壤污染防治实践.在大冶地区土壤Pb可能不是稻米Pb的主要来源,水稻这一物种对于Pb有效态含量限值的推导不具有代表性,同时缺乏稻米在低积累水平和不同土壤污染水平下对Pb的累积数据,因而Pb有效态含量限值不具实际指导意义.     

Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP on six different resident Chinese aquatic species were determined. PNEC values were calculated and compared by use of two approaches: assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Values for acute toxicity ranged from 1.1 mg L⁻¹ (Plagiognathops microlepis) to 42 mg L⁻¹ (Corbicula fluminea) and the sub-chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) ranged from 0.05 mg L⁻¹ (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ (C. fluminea). PNECs obtained by the assessment factor approach with acute (AF = 1000, 0.001 mg L⁻¹) or chronic (AF = 10, 0.005 mg L⁻¹) toxicity data were one order of magnitude less than those from SSD methods (0.057 mg L⁻¹). PNEC values calculated using SSD methods with a 50% certainty for 2,4,6-TCP was less than those obtained by use of the USEPA recommend final chronic value (FCV) method (0.097 mg L⁻¹) and the one obtained by use of the USEPA recommend acute-to-chronic (ACR) methods (0.073 mg L⁻¹). PNECs derived using AF methods were more protective and conservative than that derived using SSD methods.     

The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems

The distribution of mobile species in dynamic systems can vary greatly over time and space. Estimating their population size and geographic range can be problematic and affect the accuracy of conservation assessments. Scarce data on mobile species and the resources they need can also limit the type of analytical approaches available to derive such estimates. We quantified change in availability and use of key ecological resources required for breeding for a critically endangered nomadic habitat specialist, the Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor). We compared estimates of occupied habitat derived from dynamic presence‐background (i.e., presence‐only data) climatic models with estimates derived from dynamic occupancy models that included a direct measure of food availability. We then compared estimates that incorporate fine‐resolution spatial data on the availability of key ecological resources (i.e., functional habitats) with more common approaches that focus on broader climatic suitability or vegetation cover (due to the absence of fine‐resolution data). The occupancy models produced significantly (P < 0.001) smaller (up to an order of magnitude) and more spatially discrete estimates of the total occupied area than climate‐based models. The spatial location and extent of the total area occupied with the occupancy models was highly variable between years (131 and 1498 km²). Estimates accounting for the area of functional habitats were significantly smaller (2–58% [SD 16]) than estimates based only on the total area occupied. An increase or decrease in the area of one functional habitat (foraging or nesting) did not necessarily correspond to an increase or decrease in the other. Thus, an increase in the extent of occupied area may not equate to improved habitat quality or function. We argue these patterns are typical for mobile resource specialists but often go unnoticed because of limited data over relevant spatial and temporal scales and lack of spatial data on the availability of key resources. Understanding changes in the relative availability of functional habitats is crucial to informing conservation planning and accurately assessing extinction risk for mobile resource specialists.     

Spatial,socio‐economic,and ecological implications of incorporating minimum size constraints in marine protected area network design

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the cornerstone of most marine conservation strategies, but the effectiveness of each one partly depends on its size and distance to other MPAs in a network. Despite this, current recommendations on ideal MPA size and spacing vary widely, and data are lacking on how these constraints might influence the overall spatial characteristics, socio‐economic impacts, and connectivity of the resultant MPA networks. To address this problem, we tested the impact of applying different MPA size constraints in English waters. We used the Marxan spatial prioritization software to identify a network of MPAs that met conservation feature targets, whilst minimizing impacts on fisheries; modified the Marxan outputs with the MinPatch software to ensure each MPA met a minimum size; and used existing data on the dispersal distances of a range of species found in English waters to investigate the likely impacts of such spatial constraints on the region's biodiversity. Increasing MPA size had little effect on total network area or the location of priority areas, but as MPA size increased, fishing opportunity cost to stakeholders increased. In addition, as MPA size increased, the number of closely connected sets of MPAs in networks and the average distance between neighboring MPAs decreased, which consequently increased the proportion of the planning region that was isolated from all MPAs. These results suggest networks containing large MPAs would be more viable for the majority of the region's species that have small dispersal distances, but dispersal between MPA sets and spill‐over of individuals into unprotected areas would be reduced. These findings highlight the importance of testing the impact of applying different MPA size constraints because there are clear trade‐offs that result from the interaction of size, number, and distribution of MPAs in a network.