Synergistic effects of Cu species and acidity of Cu-ZSM-5 on catalytic performance for selective catalytic oxidation of n-butylamine

In this work, a series of Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios (25, 50, 100 and 200) were synthesized and investigated in n-butylamine catalytic degradation. The n-butylamine can be completely catalytic degradation at 350°C over all Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts. Moreover, Cu-ZSM-5 (25) exhibited the highest selectivity to N₂, exceeding 90% at 350°C. These samples were investigated in detail by several characterizations to illuminate the dependence of the catalytic performance on redox properties, Cu species, and acidity. The characterization results proved that the redox properties and chemisorption oxygen primarily affect n-butylamine conversion. N₂ selectivity was impacted by the Brønsted acidity and the isolated Cu²⁺ species. Meanwhile, the surface acid sites over Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts could influence the formation of Cu species. Furthermore, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra was adopted to explore the reaction mechanism. The Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts are the most prospective catalysts for nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds removal, and the results in this study could provide new insights into catalysts design for VOC catalytic oxidation.     

Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Ground-level ozone (O₃) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O₃ pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O₃ to its precursors during 2 O₃ pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O₃ formation. The RIR values for NO_X ranged from –0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O₃ sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O₃ production rates with reductions of VOC and NO_X derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O₃ formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O₃ formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NO_X reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O₃ control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O₃ control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NO_X larger than 3:1.     

长江中下游环境DNA宏条形码生物多样性检测技术初步研究

长江生物多样性在人为影响下面临严重威胁,物种监测是生物多样性保护的基础,为完善长江水生态监测体系,实现高效无损伤的物种监测,在长江中下游干流3个江段（新滩、安庆和芜湖）采集水样,建立长江水样环境DNA宏条形码物种检测体系并评估其有效性.结果表明:①长江中下游环境DNA宏条形码检测到32个物种,包括20种鱼类、1种水生哺乳动物（长江江豚）和11种陆生动物,其中鱼类物种包括鲤形目、鲇形目、鲈形目和鲱形目,其种数占鱼类总种数的比例分别为60%、25%、10%和5%.②长江中下游渔获物中资源量居首位的鲤形目在环境DNA调查中序列数最多,占鱼类总序列的96.2%,其次为鲱形目（占比为3.5%）,鲇形目和鲈形目占比较低,分别为0.2%和0.1%,4个类目序列相对丰度与渔获物种资源量组成差异较大.③环境DNA调查次数约占传统渔获物调查次数的几十至几百分之一,采样时间不足努力量最少的渔获物调查的1%,检测到的鱼类种数为传统调查总数的31%~49%.④安庆采样点位于长江中下游长江江豚密度最高的江段,其环境DNA检出率和序列相对丰度在3个采样点中均最高.研究显示:长江水样环境DNA包含水陆复合生态系统的生物多样性信息,利用水样环境DNA宏条形码可检测不同类群的水生和陆生物种;对于鱼类物种检测,环境DNA宏条形码比传统调查方法效率更高,可对传统调查结果进行补充;环境DNA宏条形码生物多样性检测主要受分子标记体系和核酸序列数据库限制,获取全面的物种多样性和资源量信息需要对检测分析方法进行进一步完善.      

德州市夏季臭氧敏感性特征及减排方案

近年来德州市臭氧污染频发,2018年夏季（6~8月）,德州市发生了严重臭氧污染事件,臭氧日最大8 h浓度值超标天数达60 d,超标率65%,3个月平均值为176 μg ·m^-3,最高达262 μg ·m^-3.本研究利用WRF-CAMx耦合的HDDM模块,分析期间德州臭氧敏感性特征及减排方案.结果表明,在空间上,德州市中心城区为VOCs控制区,而郊区为NO_x与VOCs协同控制区.在时间上,VOCs敏感值每日为正值,但dO₃_V₅₀在6月（城区18.7 μg ·m^-3,郊区19.7 μg ·m^-3）和8月（城区15.3 μg ·m^-3,郊区16.4 μg ·m^-3）高于7月（城区13.0 μg ·m^-3,郊区11.8 μg ·m^-3）,NO_x敏感值城区呈正负交错,郊区大部分为正值,并与VOCs敏感值接近.对于城区减排方案应考虑以仅VOCs削减为优先,而郊区由于NO_x和VOCs对臭氧减排效果相当,建议以NO_x：VOCs=1：1为优.     

祁连山七一冰川物质平衡的时空变化特征

基于2011-2016年七一冰川的野外观测资料,结合气象站数据及1975-2015年的遥感影像,分析了冰川末端变化、物质平衡时空变化特征及其对气候变化的敏感性,结果表明：1975年以来,七一冰川末端持续退缩235 m,平均退缩速率为5.9 m/a,冰川面积减少0.13 km²（4.5%）。2011-2016年,七一冰川的平均物质平衡为-476 mm w.e.,平均ELA为4941 m a.s.l.,物质平衡梯度为2.9 mm/m。从季节变化看,受风吹雪和冰面升华影响,11月至次年3月冰川呈负平衡;4月和9月物质平衡受降水控制,随海拔变化呈现降水效应;强消融期（6-8月）物质平衡随海拔升高线性增加;消融期末由9月初延后至9月底。敏感性分析结果表明,物质平衡对气温变化的敏感性为-178.7 mm w.e. °C^-1 a^-1,对降水变化的敏感性为+2.93 mm w.e. mm^-1 a^-1。即61 mm的降水增加才能弥补暖季气温升高1 °C引起的冰川净物质损失。     

杭州湾北岸上海段石化集中区臭氧重污染过程研究

为研究杭州湾O₃污染的形成机制,采用在线监测系统对杭州湾北岸上海段石化集中区O₃及其前体物开展了为期1个月(2019年5月)的同步连续观测.采用OZIPR(臭氧等值线研究)模型分析O₃生成的敏感性.在O₃重度污染期间,利用PMF(正定矩阵因子分解)模型对O₃前体物——VOCs进行源解析,采用臭氧生成潜势及气团老化分别估算了VOCs的反应活性和化学消耗.结果表明:①2019年5月杭州湾北岸上海段石化集中区O₃的IAQI(空气质量分指数)优良率仅为61.3%,ρ(O₃)第90%分位值为173.0 μg/m3.5月22日、23日发生重度O₃污染,O₃日最大8 h滑动平均值分别为(284.4±19.2)(282.0±14.2)μg/m3,分别超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值(160 μg/m3)的77.75%和76.25%.②O₃的生成受VOCs控制,降低VOCs的排放可在一定程度上降低O₃的生成,降低NO_x的排放反而会促进O₃的生成.③O₃重度污染期间,VOCs主要来自化工区排放(72.35%)和机动车尾气排放(27.65%).④O₃重度污染期间,烯烃、炔烃及芳香烃对O₃生成的贡献率之和在80.00%以上,其中丙烯、乙烯和甲苯的贡献率分别为29.97%、15.60%和14.16%;芳香烃及烯烃和炔烃是最主要的VOCs化学消耗物种,其中φ(丙烯)、φ(乙烯)和φ(1,2,4-三甲苯)的消耗量分别为13.57×10-9、4.93×10-9和3.55×10-9.研究显示,杭州湾北岸上海段5月O₃的生成受化工区影响显著,丙烯与乙烯是O₃重污染期间关键的O₃前体物.      

辽东湾潜在褐潮生物时空分布及环境关联

以18S rDNA V4区作为目标基因,利用自行设计的真核浮游植物鉴定引物V4（F/R）,结合高通量测序技术,对辽东湾2014年四季海水中真核浮游植物多样性进行了检测.结果发现了8种潜在褐潮生物：抑食金球藻、金牛微球藻、微拟球藻、颗粒微拟球藻、细小微胞藻、密球藻、普通小球藻、钙质角毛藻,其中前2种生态风险较高,主要分布在辽东湾西南、东南两侧.除抑食金球藻和细小微胞藻为混合营养型外,其他6种均为自养型.细小微胞藻丰度最高（平均161445个/L）,主要分布在秋季;其次是抑食金球藻、金牛微球藻（平均13912,13717个/L）,主要分布在春季;之后为钙质角毛藻、普通小球藻（平均5498,5234个/L）,主要分布在秋季;密球藻（平均1345个/L）,主要分布在夏季;微拟球藻、颗粒微拟球藻最少（平均56,44个/L）,冬季无分布.辽东湾潜在褐潮生物丰度与水温、水深、无机氮、N/P显著相关,其群落结构演替与环境因子关联性有待于进一步研究.     

Analysing the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrology models

Recently, the New Morris Method has been presented as an effective sensitivity analysis tool for mathematical models. The New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity of an output parameter to a given set of input parameters (first-order effects) and the extent these parameters interact with each other (second-order effects). This method requires the specification of two parameters (runs and resolution) that control the sampling of the output parameter to determine its sensitivity to various inputs. The criteria for these parameters have been set on the analysis of a well-behaved analytical function (see Cropp and Braddock, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 78:77–83, 2002), which may not be applicable to other physical models that describe complex processes. This paper will investigate the appropriateness of the criteria from (Cropp and Braddock, 2002) and hence the effectiveness of the New Morris Method to determine the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrologic models: the Soil Erosion and Deposition System and Griffith University Representation of Urban Hydrology. In the first case, this paper will separately analyse the sensitivity of an output parameter on a set of input parameters (first- and second-order effects) for each model and discuss the physical meaning of these sensitivities. This will be followed by an investigation into the sampling criteria by exploring the convergence of the sensitivity behaviour for each model as the sampling of the parameter space is increased. By comparing these trends to the convergence behaviour from Cropp and Braddock (2002), we will determine how well the New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity for each model and whether the sampling criteria are appropriate for these models. It will be shown that the New Morris Method can provide additional insight into the functioning of these models, and that, under a different metric, the sensitivity behaviour of these models does converge confirming the sampling criteria set by Cropp and Braddock.     

Land User Participation in Developing a Computerised Decision Support System for Combating Desertification

Combating desertification in natural rangelands has recently become a priority in large parts of southern Africa. Rangeland managers, farmers, scientists, conservationists and land users have been applying a variety of restoration technologies to address this problem. Bush encroachment, as part of the desertification process, involves the natural replacement of the herbaceous plant cover by undesirable problem woody species. The active and passive restoration technologies that are applied, are mainly based on indigenous knowledge and include the chemical, mechanical or manual reclamation of unproductive rangelands, as well as the combating of woody and alien species encroachment. Indigenous practices and knowledge play a major role in the effectiveness and success rate of these technologies. This project faces the challenge of bringing together both local and scientific knowledge in a single user-friendly, computerised Decision Support System (DSS) which is directly accessible by land users to support them in the process of decision making, concerning the combating of desertification. Case studies from central and northern Namibia were used to combine qualitative and quantitative data to develop this Decision Support System. The DSS currently consists of two databases and an expert system, which evaluates the results of land users’ management practices, and provides easily accessible information and advice for participants in the system, based on the incorporated data. The DSS is also linked to national and international web sites and databases to offer a wider range of information on technologies concerning agricultural and conservation practices.     

锑的淡水水质基准及其对我国水质标准的启示

针对我国锑水生生物水质基准缺乏的问题，收集筛选了锑对淡水水生生物的急性和慢性毒性数据，使用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法分别推导我国锑的淡水水质基准，通过综合分析和比较，选择物种敏感度分布法推导的急性和慢性的水质基准值（466.62μg/L和88.71μg/L）作为最终的基准推荐值.通过与国内外现有锑相关水质标准进行比较，提出在我国相关水质标准修订中分别制定保护水生生物和人体健康水质标准的建议，避免水质标准对水生生物的"过保护"问题.