光催化体系中噻虫胺降解动力学及机制

利用光催化技术探讨了烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺在水体环境中降解的可行性,不同催化剂浓度、反应温度、底物浓度、溶液初始p H值和不同阴阳离子等因素对其光催化降解动力学的影响,及其初步的光催化降解机制.结果表明噻虫胺的光催化降解符合L-H动力模型,其降解假一级动力学速率常数为0.050 6 min-1.当催化剂用量(TiO_2)为3.0 g·L~(-1)时,噻虫胺的光催化降解速率最大;高温和较低的底物浓度有利于噻虫胺的光催化降解;溶液的初始p H值为5时噻虫胺的降解速率最大,强酸和强碱均不利于其光催化降解.而无机阴、阳离子对噻虫胺降解均有明显的抑制作用.最后,通过GC/MS对噻虫胺光催化降解中间产物进行了初步鉴定,研究发现在活性氧物种的作用下噻虫胺降解途径主要有母体化合物的羟基化,硝基胍基团中N—N的断裂,以及连接硝基胍和噻唑环的C—N键的裂解等.     

长江与黄河源丰水期地表水中汞的分布特征、赋存形态及来源解析

在全球变暖的背景下,探明青藏高原地表水中汞的形态、分布和来源特征对认识高寒地区汞的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要意义.为探讨汞在高寒地区地表水中的分布特征和潜在来源,以青藏高原长江源和黄河源流域地表水为研究对象,测定丰水期地表水中总汞（THg）、颗粒态汞（PHg）和溶解态汞（DHg）的浓度,分析其空间分布特征及其影响因素,并利用PMF模型定量解析地表水中汞的来源.结果表明,长江源和黄河源流域地表水中ρ（DHg）均值分别为（2.96±1.26） ng ·L^-1和（2.47±0.83） ng ·L^-1,二者无显著差异;而长江源流域地表水中ρ（THg）［（10.69±11.14） ng ·L^-1］和ρ（PHg）［（8.46±11.41） ng ·L^-1］显著高于黄河源流域地表水中的ρ（THg）［（3.37±2.03） ng ·L^-1］和ρ（PHg）［（1.13±1.02） ng ·L^-1）］（P<0.05）.此外,考虑到较低的汞浓度水平和甲基化程度,研究区内汞的生态威胁较弱.相关性分析结果显示,长江源流域地表水中汞以PHg为主要形态,其浓度变化主要受冰川融水输入、土壤侵蚀和降水等因素影响;DHg作为黄河源流域地表水中汞的主要形态,其分布格局主要受制于汞和溶解性有机质（DOC）的结合作用.空间分布上,河道坡降和土壤侵蚀强度的空间差异可能是导致长江源流域地表水中THg和PHg浓度随水流方向总体呈下降趋势的关键因素.PMF模型解析结果表明,长江源和黄河源区地表水中51.4%的汞来源于大气沉降,38.8%的汞来源于水流对土壤岩层或沉积物的侵蚀作用,而9.7%的汞来源于土壤径流或渗流的输入.     

Relationship between herbaceous community distribution and soil environmental factors in the riparian zone of the Baiyangdian River Basin北大核心CSCD

Riparian zone vegetation is an important part of the riparian ecosystem and plays an important role in the riparian zone functioning. Herbs, which are one of the main types of riparian vegetation, are extremely sensitive to environmental changes and human activities and have become a hot spot of riparian vegetation research. In this study, the herbaceous communities of four representative rivers (Xiaoyi, Baohe, Fuhe, and Baigouyin River) entering Baiyangdian Lake in China were researched. The herbaceous species in their riparian zones were systematically investigated using the sample plot method. The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H’), Pielou evenness (J), and Patrick richness (R) indices were estimated to examine the species composition and diversity of the herb communities, following which redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted. The relationship between species diversity, distribution patterns of herbaceous plant communities, and soil environmental factors in the riparian zone of the four rivers is discussed. (1) Eighty-three species of herbaceous plants belonging to 66 genera and 27 families in the riparian zone entering Baiyangdian Lake. Most herbaceous plants, including Poaceae, Compositae, and Chenopodiaceae, were weeds or associated plants. Riparian vegetation was greatly affected by human disturbance. (2) All the three estimated indices of the Xiaoyi, Baigouyin, and Fuhe rivers were better than those of the Baohe River. (3) The vegetation coverage and species diversity of riparian herbaceous communities were positively correlated with soil organic matter and water content but negatively correlated with pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Therefore, these communities are conducive to the restoration of vegetation and the stability of biodiversity in the riparian core area to reduce the disturbance of human activities and increase humidity. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Dynamic characteristics of woody plant regeneration in karst secondary forests in central Guizhou北大核心CSCD

Based on community data (2012, 2020) of the Tianlong Mountain evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest plot in central Guizhou, China, the species composition, importance value index, diversity, and dynamic changes were estimated to explore the renewal and change characteristics of karst secondary forests. The results showed that: (1) the number of individual species in the investigated two hm2 plot encompassing 33 families and 55 genera, totaling 69 species decreased from 10 276 to 7837. Five families, 10 genera, and 18 species were newly added, while seven families, nine genera, and 11 species disappeared. The difference between the importance value indices of the species was obvious; that of Lithocarpus confinis (20.97–23.26) was much higher than that of other species. Except for some species, the overall inter-annual differences were not large, and the status of mesophytic and shaded species has increased. Life forms were dominated by small trees and shrubs or small trees, and the plant number density of different life forms is reduced. (2) The Margalef and Shannon-Wiener indices of shrubs were the largest, and the Pielou indices of shrubs or small trees were the largest. The composition of most life forms has increased; the diversity became richer; and the uniform distribution of individual species has increased, but the change was small. (3) With respect to the spatial distribution pattern, the species were generally clustered, and only a few were randomly distributed. The Cx, I, m*, CA, and G indices of the species were reduced, and those of some species were quite different. A tendency for aggregated distribution was observed over random distribution, but the aggregation degree of Lithocarpus sphaerocephala was still high. The PAI index of most species increased but was not obvious, whereas the K value changed irregularly. Overall, the species composition, importance value index, diversity, and spatial distribution pattern of the main species in this community have changed to some extent but without any significant fluctuations. L. sphaerocephala was still the dominant species in succession, and the species composition of the flora was stable. The restoration of vegetation and the development of the entire community are slow. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

四环素在水体中的自然光解作用机制

近年来,抗生素引发的水体环境污染问题日益受到关注,光解是其在环境中消减的重要过程,但其中的关键机制及影响因素尚不明确.本研究系统地考察了初始浓度、pH以及无机离子、溶解性有机物等环境因子对四环素（TC）光解的影响,明确了自然光解的关键活性氧物种（ROS）,同时结合理论计算和降解产物的分析,揭示出了TC的自然光解路径及作用机制.结果表明,模拟自然光条件下TC可快速降解,5 μmol·L^-1 的TC在180 min内降解率为75.0%,符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为0.007 min^-1,远高于避光条件.随着TC初始浓度的上升,TC光解率和速率呈现出下降的趋势,并且碱性条件更有利于TC光解.水体中存在Cu（II）、Fe（III）和NO₃^-均能显著促进TC光解;富里酸（FA）则由于光屏蔽和淬灭作用对TC的光解产生显著抑制,但FA 和Fe（III）共存时,Fe（III）对光解的促进作用占主导.水体中TC的自然光解不仅存在直接光解,并且以超氧阴离子（O₂^-·）和羟基自由基（·OH）为关键ROS的自敏化光解在TC的光解过程中也起到重要作用.结合TC光解后的产物分析发现,发生间接光解后TC发生开环反应,相比于直接光解和自敏化光解降解地更充分.综上,TC在自然水体中的光解强烈受环境因素影响,可以通过增强活性氧介导的间接光解过程促进水体抗生素污染修复.     

不同分子量草源DOM与重金属的相互作用

将采集自徒骇河聊城河段沉水植被生长区的DOM分为3个分子量级别：<0.7 μm DOM、<500 kDa DOM、<100 kDa DOM,通过三维荧光结合平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和荧光滴定法探讨水体中不同分子量DOM的荧光特征及其与重金属（Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺）的络合作用.结果表明：草源DOM的有机碳主要储存在分子量<100 kDa组分中.PARAFAC分析得出4个荧光组分,分别为类色氨酸组分C2、C4,以及酪氨酸组分C1和类腐殖质组分C3.草源DOM主要以分子量<100 kDa的类色氨酸组分C2和酪氨酸组分C1为主.二维相关光谱（2D-COS）表明,与类腐殖物质相比,类蛋白物质优先与Cu²⁺与Pb²⁺发生猝灭,DOM中不同分子量组分与Cu²⁺与Pb²⁺的猝灭顺序未发生改变.在与Cu²⁺结合的过程中,不同 分子量中类腐殖质组分C3的络合常数（logK_a）大于类蛋白组分C1、C2,表明类腐殖质组分的金属结合能力强于类蛋白质组分;随着分子量级别的降低,组分C3的logK_a值逐渐增大（3.47<3.59<3.73）,表明低分子量（<100 kDa）中的类腐殖质与Cu²⁺具有更高的结合能力.不同分子量DOM中,类蛋白组分C1、C2、C4在分子量<0.7 μm DOM中的logK_a值均最高,表明高分子量（<0.7 μm）的类蛋白质更容易与Cu²⁺结合,而Pb²⁺与各组分结合出现了荧光增强或猝灭的现象.DOM-Cu²⁺与DOM-Pb²⁺结合表现出不同的结合规律,反映出金属种类与DOM结合的异质性与复杂性.     

A new method for broad-scale modeling and projection of plant assemblages under climatic,biotic, and environmental cofiltering

There is increasing interestin broad-scale analysis, modeling, and prediction of the distribution and composition of plant species assemblages under climatic, environmental, and biotic change, particularly for conservation purposes. We devised a method to reliably predict the impact of climate change on large assemblages of plant communities, while also considering competing biotic and environmental factors. To this purpose, we first used multilabel algorithms in order to convert the task of explaining a large assemblage of plant communities into a classification framework able to capture with high cross-validated accuracy the pattern of species distributions under a composite set of biotic and abiotic factors. We applied our model to a large set of plant communities in the Swiss Alps. Our model explained presences and absences of 175 plant species in 608 plots with >87% cross-validated accuracy, predicted decreases in α, β, and γ diversity by 2040 under both moderate and extreme climate scenarios, and identified likely advantaged and disadvantaged plant species under climate change. Multilabel variable selection revealed the overriding importance of topography, soils, and temperature extremes (rather than averages) in determining the distribution of plant species in the study area and their response to climate change. Our method addressed a number of challenging research problems, such as scaling to large numbers of species, considering species relationships and rarity, and addressing an overwhelming proportion of absences in presence–absence matrices. By handling hundreds to thousands of plants and plots simultaneously over large areas, our method can inform broad-scale conservation of plant species under climate change because it allows species that require urgent conservation action (assisted migration, seed conservation, and ex situ conservation) to be detected and prioritized. Our method also increases the practicality of assisted colonization of plant species by helping to prevent ill-advised introduction of plant species with limited future survival probability.     

我国地表水新烟碱类杀虫剂对水生生物安全的威胁

针对我国新烟碱类杀虫剂（NNIs）使用量大且地表水中浓度逐渐上升的现状,基于物种敏感度分布法,利用危害商法和概率风险评价法评估了我国地表水中NNIs对淡水水生生物的单一和复合生态风险,并对我国地表水质监管NNIs提出了目标建议值.结果表明：（1）单一化合物,吡虫啉的急性危害最大,吡虫啉和啶虫脒的慢性危害较大,最敏感生物均为昆虫;（2）海南省是地表水NNIs浓度最高的地区,急慢性危害最大;（3）联合毒性的概率曲线表明,5种NNIs对5%淡水水生生物产生慢性联合毒性的概率高达92.12%,严重威胁我国水生生物的安全;（4）基于物种敏感度分布曲线得到毒性参考值,结合危害商和概率风险评价的结果,建议我国保护水生生物安全的地表水质监管目标值分别为吡虫啉0.01μg·L^-1、噻虫啉0.03μg·L^-1、啶虫脒0.04μg·L^-1、噻虫胺0.22μg·L^-1和噻虫嗪0.24μg·L^-1.总之,我国地表水中NNIs浓度已经威胁到水生生物的安全,必须加强监管.     

东部平原矿区复垦土壤微生物群落特征及其组装过程

复垦对恢复矿区土壤生产力极为重要,但复垦土壤生产力重建的微生物学机制尚不清晰.为此,采集复垦8 a、复垦11 a、复垦14 a和复垦17 a这4个复垦时长和1个未复垦对照共75个表层土样进行16S rRNA扩增子高通量测序,分析微生物群落组成、潜在功能及其组装机制.结果表明：(1)群落丰富度随复垦时间增加而增加,且高于对照样.但群落多样性和均匀度却随复垦时间增加而降低(P<0.05);(2)复垦土壤中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占主导地位,且前两者相对丰度显著高于对照样(P<0.05),后两者则相反(P<0.05);(3)复垦土壤中辅酶转运与代谢、翻译、核糖体结构与生物发生等8种功能呈正向演替,随复垦时长不断增强;(4)平原矿区微生物群落生态网络模块性良好,且关键类群多属酸杆菌门和拟杆菌门.群落组装以确定性过程为主导,同质性选择贡献最大,主要受当地特殊环境操控.这些发现为改善复垦土壤生产力和生态服务提供了理论依据.     

长江江苏段鱼类种类组成和优势种研究

根据2001~2005年对长江江苏段鱼类的调查与监测,结合鱼类学研究的最新观点,对长江江苏段鱼类历史资料进行整理和归并,结果长江江苏段共记录鱼类161种（19目42科）。本次调查采集到鱼类15目31科108种,其中2个新种,2个省新记录,种类组成以鲤科鱼类为主。根据相对重要性指标（IRI）计算,江苏全江段的优势种分别为鳖hemiculter leucisculus、鲫Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus)、鳊Parabramis pekinensis (Basilewsky)、鲤Cyprinus capio Linnaeus、刀鲚Coilia nasusSchlegel、贝氏Hemiculter bleekeriWarpachowsky、似鳊Pseudobrama simony (Bleeker)、香斜棘鱼衔Callionymus olidus Günther、鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes)、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes);优势种平均体重为0.974~292.431 g。江段鱼类小型化、低龄化仍十分严重。