Heavy metal accumulation of urban domestic rubbish compost in turfgrass by DTA chelating

Seven kinds of heavy metal accumulation of rubbish compost in turfgrass by EDTA chelating were investigated. With EDTA application, heavy metal accumulation by two species of turfgrass was increased significantly. The enrichment coefficients of Lolium perenne L(L) and Festuca arundinacea L(F) to Cr reached 9.45 and 6.15 respectively. In the range of EDTA dosages given, heavy metal accumulation in turfgrass increased with increasing EDTA level. There were significant differences in remediation of different metals by applying EDTA. L had high ability to accumulate Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn, showing better remediation to heavy metals of rubbish compost.In contrast, F showed high ability to accumulate Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn. Low EDTA level increased aboveground net primary production (ANP) of turfgrass, but EDTA would considerably inhibit it when EDTA was higher than 20 mmol/kg. The results demonstrated that the optimum dosage of EDTA for remediating heavy metals in rubbish compost by turfgrass was between 10 mmol/kg and 20 mmol/kg.     

放射性废物管理的国际法制度——《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》的视角

放射性废物管理是当今世界面临的一个重要问题。本文试图从国际法的角度，联系可持续发展理论，对迄今为止有关放射性废物管理方面最重要的全球性公约——《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》进行介绍和分析，并在此基础上就完善国际放射性废物管理法律制度提出建议。     

Vegetation dynamics after compost amendment in a Mediterranean post-fire ecosystem

On Mediterranean calcareous soils, high fire frequency induces soil impoverishment and the development of stable Quercus coccifera garrigues. Organic amendment could increase soil fertility levels, and could alter the vegetation dynamics and the established dominance relationships. In this study, the plant cover evolution is monitored in an amended burnt shrub during two years. Three treatments are studied: control (D0), 50 t ha⁻¹ (D50) and 100 t ha⁻¹ (D100) of fresh co-composted sewage sludge and greenwastes.First, the spreading process leads to the squashing of the vegetation, whose intensity reaches a threshold on D100 and limits the woody species’ recovery after amendment. Consequently, the dominant herb Brachypodium retusum is favoured. On D50, woody species are favoured compared to herbs, probably due to the space colonization strategy of Q. coccifera after squashing. Thus, compost at both rates favours the two dominant resprouter species until they have colonized all the free space created by squashing.Secondly, compost has some fertilizing effects on Rosmarinus officinalis and Ulex parviflorus, that improves their cover on D50. However, compost also increases U. parviflorus’ sensitivity to drought.At the end of the experiment, a third compost effect appears, as seeder cover becomes greater than D0 on D50. After amendment, compost covers rocky stones, which creates a new territory where species with superficial rooting can establish (mulch effect).     

典型燃煤电厂废SCR催化剂解析及环境管理思考

目的提出废烟气脱硝催化剂成分解析、产生量预测及处理处置的对策。方法用ICP方法对烟气选择性催化还原脱硝过程中产生的大量废SCR催化剂化学成分等进行分析。采用数学模型对废SCR产生量进行估算,并在此基础上给出将废SCR催化剂列入危废名单的原因。结果在燃煤电厂装机容量的基础上进行理论推算,我国将从2017年开始大量产生SCR催化剂固体废弃物,并会逐年增加,在2020年以后逐步稳定在25×104~30×104 m3/a。废SCR催化剂中Ti的含量最高,约占23.3%~46.2%。W,V,Mo,Ba是SCR催化剂中的活性组分,并且不同SCR催化剂中活性组分的含量并不相同。钒的含量对废SCR催化剂的潜在判定影响较大。SCR催化剂可能会吸附砷、汞、镉等重金属以及各种飞灰成分等物质,从而增加了废SCR催化剂的化学成分。依据《国家危险废物名录》第二条的相关规定,鉴于废烟气脱硝催化剂不排除具有危险特性,且不处理或处理不当可能对环境或者人体健康造成有害影响。基于此,本研究团队将烟气脱硝过程中产生的废钒钛系催化剂建议纳入危险废物统一管理。结论废SCR催化剂是我国近期出现并将长期存在的一种脱硝危废,尚缺乏符合国情的处理处置经验。为了建设"天蓝、地绿、水清"的美丽中国,需要继续探索可行的废SCR催化剂的监督和管理措施,完善各项标准和法规,最终实现对废SCR催化剂进行有效的监管。     

微生物发酵菌和生物质炭及蘑菇渣对污泥堆肥效果的影响

为解决污泥的处理处置难题,实现污泥减量化、无害化和资源化,在污泥中添加蘑菇渣、微生物发酵菌和生物质炭等辅料,进行共堆肥试验,设置T1（不添加辅料）、T2（添加30%的园林枯枝）、T3（添加20%的园林枯枝、9.9%的蘑菇渣和0.1%的微生物发酵菌）、T4（添加20%的园林枯枝和10%的生物质炭）,以及T5（添加20%的园林枯枝、4.9%的蘑菇渣、0.1%的微生物发酵菌和5%的酸化生物质炭）5个好氧堆肥处理,考察各处理堆肥过程中温度变化、肥料的理化特性以及GI（发芽指数）.结果显示:①T5处理的效果最好,堆肥至第3天,堆体温度达到70.5℃,并且温度不低于50℃的时间达到19 d. ②T5处理肥料的w（TKN）（TKN为总凯氏氮）、w（TP）和w（TK）均最高,分别达到3.88、0.64和1.10 g/kg,远高于其他4个处理;产品的GI随堆肥时间的延长逐渐增长,达到183%. ③T5处理的NH₃排放最少,氮元素流失最低,能最大程度的转化成固化无机氮;残渣态重金属含量最高,不易浸出到环境中进入生态系统,生物毒性低.研究显示,蘑菇渣、微生物发酵菌和生物质炭能够促进污泥的腐熟,减少二次污染的产生,产品质量较好.      

酸浸—萃取—沉淀法回收废锂离子电池中的钴

采用酸浸—萃取—沉淀法回收废锂离子电池中的钴。实验结果表明:废锂离子电池在600℃下煅烧5 h可将正极材料上的有机黏结剂与正极活性物质分离;正极活性物质在Na OH溶液浓度为2.0 mol/L、n(Na OH)∶n(铝)=2.5、碱浸温度为20℃的条件下碱浸反应1 h后,铝浸出率达99.7%;已除铝的正极活性物质在硫酸浓度为2.5 mol/L、H_2O_2质量浓度为7.25 g/L、液固比为10、酸浸温度为85℃的条件下酸浸反应120 min,钴浸出率高达98.0%;酸浸液在p H为3.5、萃取剂P507与Cyanex272体积比为1∶1的条件下,经2级萃取,钴萃取率为95.5%;采用H_2SO_4溶液反萃后在硫化钠质量浓度为8 g/L、反萃液p H为4的条件下沉淀反应10 min,钴沉淀率达99.9%。     

基于模糊FMEA法的乏燃料剪切机剪切装置风险评估

为了有效控制乏燃料后处理立式送料剪切机剪切装置在运行过程中的风险,采用基于模糊理论的故障模式及影响分析(FMEA)对剪切装置的故障模式进行风险评价。首先将风险优先指数(RPN)的3个评价指标视为模糊变量并模糊化,接着采用专家打分的方式对各故障模式进行模糊评价,采用重心法解模糊化,计算得出各故障模式的模糊风险优先指数(FRPN),从而确定机械设备中各故障模式的风险控制顺序。利用模糊FMEA法对乏燃料立式送料剪切机剪切装置的故障模式进行了风险评估,结果表明,吊篮焊接件裂纹、主刀体破损、刀具退刀固定档板变形为风险较大的故障模式,分析结果与工程实际较吻合。     

废干电池中镍的分布及其含量研究

在实验室条件下,对国产50个品牌80种废干电池中镍的分布及含量进行了研究。结果表明,95%的废干电池含有金属镍,其中碱性废干电池的镍主要分布在外皮(壳)和外底片,碳性废干电池主要分布在金属帽中,钮扣式废干电池分布在正极壳和负极盖。废干电池中镍的质量分数在1%~8.4%之间,平均质量分数为2.4%。废干电池的碳粉中不含镍。     

Nature of the action of a compost from olive mill wastewater on Cu sorption by soils

The reaction of two soils that have received composted OMW as manure with Cu solutions is studied. The data were fitted into a multi‐reaction model which considers both reversible and irreversible adsorption sites, and an ‘instantaneous’ fraction. The presence of composted OMW caused a strong increase in the distribution coefficient describing the instantaneous fraction, and the disappearance of the irreversible fraction. This behaviour was attributed to blocking of some sorbing surfaces by the organics, and to new surfaces present in the compost. These effects can have some environmental significance from the viewpoint of Cu mobility.     

猪粪堆肥中一株溶磷菌的筛选鉴定及溶磷能力初步测定

从猪粪堆肥中分离纯化得到一株具有较强溶磷能力的菌株PSM-1,进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,研究了其溶磷能力和遗传稳定性.结果表明:通过菌落形态和ITS基因序列分析鉴定,菌株PSM-1为产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum);在3种不同无机磷源液体培养基中其溶磷量依次为Ca3(PO4)2(138.36 mg·L-1)Fe PO4(117.38 mg·L-1)Al PO4(113.76 mg·L-1),且PSM-1的溶磷量均与培养液p H值呈现出显著负相关性;以葡萄糖为碳源、硝酸铵为氮源时,菌株PSM-1的溶磷量最高可达195.67 mg·L-1,比初始有效磷高141.42%;该菌株对碳源和氮源的利用效率分别依次为:葡糖糖蔗糖麦芽糖淀粉,硝酸铵硝酸钾硫酸铵草酸铵;经过20次传代培养后PSM-1的溶磷量保持在(124.54±3.50)mg·L-1,说明其溶磷遗传稳定性良好.研究表明:PSM-1菌株具有良好的溶解无机磷的能力,在土壤微生态改良方面具有重要的应用潜力.