污泥堆肥技术现状及应用中需注意的问题

阐述了堆肥技术背景与基本原理。通过对国内示范项目运行情况的研究分析,提出了堆肥处理处置中应注意的工艺选择、处理规模、通风除臭、自动化与可靠性、减量化与稳定化,以及重金属、POPs、经营风险等问题。分析了堆肥处理处置全过程的经济成本,得出了该技术的参考运行成本;给出了该技术的适用条件和发展趋势。     

Environmental assessment of two home composts with high and low gaseous emissions of the composting process

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two home composts with low and high gaseous emissions of the composting process is presented. The study focused on the gaseous emissions of the composting process. Gaseous emissions of methane, nitrous oxides, ammonia and volatic organic compounds of the composting process were experimentally measured in field real trials. The results showed that the differences in gaseous emissions between the two home composts were 4.5, 5.8 and 52 for methane, nitrous oxides and ammonia, respectively. Higher emissions of nitrous oxides and methane affected significantly the category of global warming potential, while higher emissions of ammonia affected mainly the categories of acidification potential, eutrophication potential and photochemical oxidation. The differences found in the compost emissions were attributable to the composting production management (quality and composition of waste stream, frequency mixing of waste, humidity and temperature monitoring, among others) as well as weather conditions (temperature and humidity).     

Sorption of 2,4-D on Natural and Organic Amended Soils of Different Characteristics

The effect of one organic amendment consisting of an urban waste compost (UWC) was assessed on the sorption properties of the herbicide 2,4-D on four soils of different physicochemical characteristics. The soils chosen were a Typic Haphorthod (ST), a Typic Endoaquept (SR), an Entic Pelloxerert (TO), and a Typic Eutrochrept (AL). Adsorption experiments were performed on the original soils, and on mixtures of these soils with UWC at a rate of 6.25% (w/w). These mixtures were used just after preparation, and after aging for 8 and 25 weeks. 2,4-D adsorption was the highest on ST soil, whereas the lowest adsorption was for SR soil. This behavior is related to the high amount of organic matter (OM) and amorphous iron and aluminum oxides content on soil ST, whereas soil SR had the lowest OM content and specific surface area of the soils of this study. Addition of exogenous OM to soils caused an increase in the 2,4-D adsorption by three of the soils treated with UWC, with the only exception being ST soil, due to an observed decrease in its specific surface area. The adsorbed amounts of the herbicide on aged organic fertilized soils diminished in three of the amended soils, but was still greater than on unamended soils. In contrast, the ST soil showed the largest adsorption for unamended soil.     

管式电除尘器“伞形罩”结构的应用

本文通过分析立式管式电除尘器结构及使用现状 ,总结其失效的主要原因在于阳极 (圆筒管 )的清灰不力。为解决清灰不力的问题 ,提出了“伞形罩”阳极结构 ,其具有的不积尘、自动排灰功能 ,经实践检验 ,效果显著     

不同堆沤处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

研究利用纤维素分解菌F2对玉米秸秆进行堆沤预处理,将经不同堆沤预处理时间后的秸秆与猪粪混合进行厌氧发酵产沼气试验。结果发现,堆沤15 d后秸秆的总有机碳含量降低了10.06%,VS去除率和纤维素降解率比未加菌堆沤预处理分别提高了10.74%、10.60%;加菌堆沤预处理后的秸秆厌氧发酵甲烷产气率、干物质产气率、发酵前后VS去除率均高于未加菌堆沤预处理后的秸秆,且产气效率也有明显的提高;加菌堆沤预处理10 d的秸秆比未加菌堆沤预处理15 d的秸秆提前了2 d达到产气高峰,累计产气量达到21 957 mL,比未加菌堆沤预处理15 d的秸秆增加了1 629 mL。实验结果表明:该纤维素分解菌对玉米秸秆纤维素有较强的降解能力,并在一定程度上促进了有机碳的矿化;有效地提高了秸秆的生物降解性能,缩短了预处理所需时间;同时提高了玉米秸秆的利用率和产气潜力。     

柑橘/大球盖菇套作下土壤CO2排放及其效率对秸秆还田量的响应

以柑橘/大球盖菇套作模式为研究对象,利用秸秆作为大球盖菇的培养基原料,通过原位试验,连续监测大球盖菇生长期内,不同秸秆还田量(半量、全量和倍量)下土壤CO_2排放规律,并进一步对比栽培大球盖菇(HSM、ASM和DSM)和未栽培大球盖菇(HS、AS和DS)处理下土壤CO_2排放量变化及其影响因素,结合大球盖菇产量及土壤碳排放效率,分析不同秸秆还田量所产生的环境及经济效益,为合理利用柑橘园林下土地提供理论依据.结果表明:①秸秆还田处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量均高于常规种植(CK),随着秸秆还田量的增加呈增加趋势;且栽培大球盖菇处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量大于未栽培大球盖菇,表现为:DSM(52. 09 t·hm-2) ASM(41. 10 t·hm-2) HSM(33. 20 t·hm-2) DS(27. 15 t·hm-2) AS(25. 34t·hm-2) HS(18. 94 t·hm-2) CK(12. 16 t·hm-2);其中,倍量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(DSM)处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量增加最为显著,较CK增加了328. 37%;②对于栽培了大球盖菇的处理,土壤CO_2排放量最大时段均集中在大球盖菇菌丝生长期,其次为出菇后和出菇期;其中DSM处理在菌丝生长期的土壤CO_2累积排放量占其总累积排放量的43. 27%,其次为全量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(ASM,42. 63%)和半量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(HSM,40. 57%);③栽培大球盖菇处理降低了温度敏感系数Q10; 5cm土壤温度能解释27%～71%的土壤CO_2排放速率变化(P 0. 01),而土壤体积含水量单因子对土壤CO_2排放速率不存在显著影响;但双因子拟合发现,5 cm土壤温度和体积含水量可以解释土壤CO_2排放速率变化的36%～82%;④对于栽培了大球盖菇的处理,各处理产量分别为:DSM(49. 7 t·hm-2) ASM(47. 0 t·hm-2) HSM(23. 3 t·hm-2),其中ASM的土壤碳排放效率最高(CEE=1. 14).综上,柑橘/大球盖菇套作模式短期内会显著促进土壤CO_2排放,但同时也提高了柑橘园综合经济效益,其中全量秸秆还田能较好地协调其产生的经济及环境效益.     

垃圾堆肥在北方潮土地区的农用研究

研究结果表明：垃圾堆肥具有促进作物增产的作用，并不会引起重金属污染。但在北方潮土地区，垃圾肥施用量以４０～５０ｔ·ｈｍ－２·茬－１为宜。过量施用垃圾肥不仅会引起施肥经济效益明显降低，且会引起土壤砂化。研究还表明，粘质土壤对垃圾肥有更大的容纳量。     

广州市污水污泥堆肥在环境绿化中的应用

将广州市大坦沙污水处理厂产生的脱水生污泥与粉煤灰、稻草按质量比例4∶1.2∶1混合堆制而成的污泥堆肥,堆肥总养分含量高于农家肥中的鸡粪,无论单独施用或与化肥结合使用应用于草坪等园林绿地,均有明显效果。污泥堆肥在草坪土壤应用的肥效试验表明,污泥堆肥与化肥结合使用效果较好,能缩短草坪草出苗和成坪时间,显著提高建植初期草坪草的生物量,但每公顷施用纯污泥堆肥30t与60t比较两者草坪草生物量没有显著差异;污泥堆肥施用污染风险初步分析表明,土壤中的重金属含量、渗滤液中的NO3--N和全P含量随着污泥堆肥施用量的增加而明显提高,考虑到广东地处热带、亚热带,雨量丰富且暴雨多,土壤呈酸性的特点,在园林绿地等相对封闭的体系中施用本项目堆制的污泥堆肥,只要将年施用量控制在30t/hm2以下,是基本安全的。     

城市垃圾堆肥制备专用肥对蔬菜生产和环境的效应

通过小区和大田试验方法，研究了城市生活垃圾肥制备有机。无机复合专用肥对蔬菜和土壤环境的效应。结果表明，施用该专用肥的辣椒、蕃茄或茄子、莴笋和青莱的小区和大田的产量，与对照相比分别增加２７．０％－８８．８％和２０．７％－９５．４％，其增产在Ｐ０．０１水平上达到显著，且蔬菜中一些营养成分的含量增加．而重金属Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ａｓ元素的含量均未超有关卫生标准。长期施用，可补充土壤中有机质，且肥料中重金属元素不会引起菜地环境的污染。     

垃圾堆肥微生物接种实验

从２２个垃圾堆肥、畜粪、土壤等样品中分离获得纤维分解菌１９８株，选其中２株生长快、粗纤维分解能力强的菌株制成菌剂，以０．０５％～０．１％的接种量加入二次发酵的垃圾堆肥中。结果，接菌堆肥比不接菌堆肥升温快且高，高温维持时间长，真菌和纤维分解菌数量多，腐植质含量提高２１％～２６％。肥效试验证明，施接菌堆肥比施不接菌堆肥的可使青莱增产９．９％。