电路板蚀刻废液及其回收铜盐产品中PCBs污染特征

POPs(持久性有机污染物)是近年来广受关注的一类环境污染物. 为研究工业过程中POPs的运转迁移,针对电路板蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的铜盐产品中7种指示性PCBs(多氯联苯)及CB-209进行分析. 结果表明,PCBs在碱性废液和微蚀废液中未检出,而在酸性废液中有不同程度检出,ρ(∑₈PCBs)在0.41~60.80 ng/L之间,其中ρ(∑₇指示性PCBs)在0.24~58.00 ng/L之间. 3种铜盐产品〔CuCl₂、Cu₂(OH)₃Cl和CuSO₄〕中,CuSO₄中w(∑₈PCBs)相对较高,在2.75~284.00 ng/kg之间;而CuCl₂中w(∑₈PCBs)在6.95~31.50 ng/kg之间;Cu₂(OH)₃Cl中w(∑₈PCBs)在7.31~9.42 ng/kg之间. 污染物指纹特征表明,酸性蚀刻废液及其铜盐产品中的PCBs具有十分相似的分布特征,CB-28是最主要的检出单体,并且w(CB-209)相对较高,表明铜盐产品中的PCBs主要来源于生产原料(酸性蚀刻废液)的携带,而酸性蚀刻废液中污染物来源须待进一步分析研究.      

Optimization of methyl orange removal from aqueous solution by response surface methodology using spent tea leaves as adsorbent

The effective disposal of redundant tea waste is crucial to environmental protection and comprehensive utilization of trash resources. In this work, the removal of methyl orange （MO） from aqueous solution using spent tea leaves as the sorbent was investigated in a batch experiment. First, the effects of various parameters such as temperature, adsorption time, dose of spent tea leaves, and initial concentration of MO were investigated. Then, the response surface methodology （RSM）, based on Box- Behnken design, was employed to obtain the optimum adsorption conditions. The optimal conditions could be obtained at an initial concentration of MO of 9.75 mg·L-1, temperature of 35.3℃, contact time of 63.8 min, and an adsorbent dosage 3.90 g· L-1. Under the optimized condi- tions, the maximal removal of MO was 58.2%. The results indicate that spent tea leaves could be used as an effective and economical adsorbent in the removal of MO from aqueous solution.     

焙烧条件对废干电池中汞的释放影响研究

在小型管式炉中进行废干电池的焙烧实验,分析了焙烧温度、时间及其交互作用对汞释放的影响.结果表明,焙烧时间对汞释放影响最大,温度也有显著影响,它们对汞释放有交互作用且作用显著,废干电池焙烧过程中汞在低温下更易释放.在温度650 ℃,焙烧时间120 min情况下,汞释放率达99%以上.焙烧前后干粉的X衍射分析结果表明,焙烧后电池中含有的晶态物增加,结构更复杂.     

Chelator-induced bioextraction of heavy metals from artificially contaminated soil by mushroom (Coprinus comatus)

This study investigated the potential use of chelator-induced bioextraction of heavy metals from soil by Coprinus comatus in a pot experiment. Two production waves of the mushroom were obtained to determine biomass and metal concentration. The application of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or nitrilotriacetate (NTA) slightly inhibited the growth of C. comatus, but significantly enhanced the accumulation of heavy metals in fruiting bodies compared with the control. The highest concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cd reached 900.60, 783.61 and 23.64 mg·kg^?1 in a single pot, respectively. However, application of citric acid (CA) had no effect on metal uptake. Moreover, chelators applied to soil after fructification increased the dry biomass and metal concentration in fruiting bodies compared with those applied before sowing mycelia. EDTA was more efficient for inducing metal uptake by C. comatus than NTA or CA, and split applications of EDTA after fructification resulted in the highest total metal uptake by mushroom, i.e. 19.08±2.84, 17.57±0.69 and 0.55±0.06 mg for Pb, Cu and Cd, respectively, which were 130, 12 and 5 times values obtained with the control. Interestingly, many mushrooms turned blue after soil had been treated with chelator, indicating that these mushrooms are rich in Cu.     

猪粪堆肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮效率的影响

采用大田试验方法研究猪粪堆肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮效率的影响.结果表明:在本试验条件下,猪眄粪堆肥与化肥配施能显著提高水稻籽粒产量,增加水稻每穗实粒数.尤其是1 500 kg·hm-2猪粪堆肥 化肥配施处理,稻谷产量达8 595 kg·hm-2,比未施氮处理和化肥处理分别增产57.8%和13.6%,差异达显著水平.猪粪堆肥与化肥配施处理水稻氮素养分效率均高于化肥处理.猪粪堆肥与化肥配施的氮肥回收率为35.3%～38.6%,而化肥处理仅为27.6%.     

生活垃圾堆肥恶臭气体的生物滴滤净化性能研究

城市生活垃圾生物处理过程中会产生并散发大量的恶臭物质. 以纤维表面活性炭(ACOF)生物滴滤器(BTF)为载体,以进气风量及循环液流量为调控参数,对城市生活垃圾生化预处理过程中散发的恶臭气体进行现场试验. 结果表明:高气力负荷时,生物滴滤器对恶臭气体具有较好的净化效果.在空塔气速为1 274 m/h,液气比为1 L/m3左右时,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的去除率可保持在70%以上,而臭气浓度的去除率也大于70%,设备压降为2 150 Pa左右,总挥发性有机物(以异丁烯计)的消除能力可达130 g/(m3·h). BTF运行过程中压降保持相对稳定,循环液中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₃-N)未出现明显的累积现象,说明BTF对于污染物有良好的降解能力.      

城市污泥堆制腐熟度的评价方法比较

本文介绍了城市污泥在堆制处置时的腐熟度评价的多种方法,这些方法分别从化学、生物学等不同的角度给出了如何评价城市污泥堆制的腐熟度。结合对这些方法的比较,提出了一些建设性的看法和意见。     

鸡粪堆肥处理对重金属形态的影响

选用鸡粪和玉米秸秆作为堆肥原料,进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了堆肥处理对鸡粪中重金属形态的影响.结果表明,堆肥过程中,堆料的总质量下降,重金属含量相对增加,但绝对量变化不明显,因此堆肥处理并不能减少堆肥体系中重金属的绝对量.但对重金属形态有一定的影响,Ni、Cd的铁锰氧化物结合态比例提高了5.0%～8.7%;Cu的有机结合态比例增加达到14.1%～19.1%,Cr的有机结合态比例增加达到22.0%～28.7%;Hg、Pb、As、Zn的残渣态比例均有不同程度提高.Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Cu和Zn等6种元素的稳定形态比例均有所上升,其中Cu的上升幅度最大,最高达到10.9%,说明堆肥处理能够降低重金属的生物活性和毒性.所添加的复合菌剂对鸡粪中重金属形态未有显著影响.     

污泥堆肥处理过程中氧气消耗的动态变化与分布特征

对城市污水污泥、粪渣污泥和造纸污泥进行好氧堆肥试验,以研究不同物料堆肥过程中氧气消耗的动态变化、分布特征及其差异.结果表明.不同污泥堆肥时,耗氧速率和温度具有相似的动态变化阶段.在堆体刚进入高温阶段时,耗氧速率不断升高并达到峰值,之后则逐渐减小并趋于稳定,堆肥结束时的耗氧速率只相当于最大值的1/3～1/15.物料组成影响升温速率,耗氧速率的最大值及达到最大值的时间.有机物含量高时,堆体温度上升快、维持持续高温的时间长.堆体各部位耗氧速率存在差异;中间部位的耗氧速率始终较高,在升温期,上层的耗氧速率略高于下层,此后下层的耗氧速率高于上层.堆体上层和下层的氧气含量在堆肥过程中波动较小(>18%),而中间部位的氧气含量波动较大,在高温阶段其含量较低(约12%).使用无机调理剂(CTB调理剂)时,耗氧速率明显小于使用有机调理剂的处理,供氧所需的通风量减少35.9%;堆体升温较慢,温度变化较平缓.根据研究结果提出了优化通风控制的建议.     

基于Biolog解析添加酶液对堆肥化过程中微生物群落代谢的影响

以Biolog方法为主要监测手段,结合聚类分析以及PCA分析方法,考察了添加酶液对农业废物堆肥中木质纤维素降解及微生物群落代谢能力的影响.结果表明,添加酶液使得堆料中有机质的降解率提高了4.90%;微生物群落代谢聚类结果表明,添加酶液可以改善堆肥微生物对中间代谢产物类碳源的代谢能力.通过PCA发现,添加酶液提高了堆体中微生物对双亲化合物、聚合物、氨基酸和氨基化合物等碳源的代谢能力,由此可导致有机质被更高效降解;此外,堆肥各时期群落代谢聚类结果表明,酶液对堆肥进程的影响主要表现在一次发酵的第6 d和二次发酵的第30 d,从而有效地加速了堆肥进程.