堆肥对重金属污染土壤Cu、Cd形态变化的影响

通过盆栽茼蒿试验研究了不同堆肥用量对重金属Cu、Cd污染土壤根际土和非根际土中Cu、Cd形态变化的影响.结果表明,随着堆肥用量的增加,非根际土和根际土交换态(含水溶态)Cu含量显著增加,最大值是对照的6.0倍;;有机结合态Cu含量在非根际土中显著升高,而在根际土中则先显著升高后降低,两者最大值是对照处理的1.1倍;;非根际土中无机结合态Cu含量先降低后升高;;非根际土和根际土残渣态Cu含量都先显著增加后基本不变.随着堆肥用量增加,非根际土中交换态(含水溶态)Cd含量显著降低,有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量显著升高,无机结合态Cd含量变化不明显;;根际土中,交换态(含水溶态)Cd含量先降低后升高,有机结合态Cd含量显著上升,无机结合态和残渣态Cd先上升后下降.因此,供试堆肥可作为修复剂减弱Cd的危害,但长期施用会造成Cu的累积,应慎重考虑.     

An experimental study on the influence of zeolite on changes of pH and alkalinity in anaerobic treatment of compost leachate

With the increase of urbanization, municipal solid waste has also increased. Therefore, the need for solid waste management is also increasing compared with earlier decades. Composting is a good option for the recycling of solid waste; however, it produces leachate, which requires proper treatment systems to prevent environmental degradation. Due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in compost leachate, anaerobic treatment is the best option for handling the effluent, and an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is one such anaerobic reactor that can be used for its treatment. Because of high ammonia and heavy metal concentrations, as well as the possibility of sludge washout in ABRs, it is important to use proper media, such as zeolite, which can reduce inhibition effects and sludge washout from the reactor. Anaerobic treatment, especially during the methanogenesis phase, is sensitive, and pH and alkalinity are parameters that influence the treatment. Therefore, adjusting these parameters within a normal range is very important to the proper functioning of anaerobic systems. In this study, a pilot‐scale ABR was used, and the last 4 of the 8 ABR compartments were filled with zeolite. The bioreactor was operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 3, 4, and 5 days, with zeolite filling ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%, and influent COD concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L). In this study, pH value was 6.43 ± 0.1, 6.96 ± 0.3, and 6.96 ± 0.25 at filling ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. According to the results, in all filling ratios, no significant changes were observed in the pH value when the organic loading rate increased and its amount was within a constant range. Influent alkalinity was equal to 2015 ± 510, 2884 ± 505, and 4154 ± 233 milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter (mg CaCO₃/L) at influent COD concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 mg/L, respectively, and in effluent, they were 2536 ± 336, 3379 ± 639, and 4377 ± 325 mg CaCO₃/L, respectively. The amount of alkalinity in the effluent increased compared with the alkalinity in the influent. The results show that the amount of alkalinity in the influent and effluent was similar, and the alkalinity enhancement was lower when the filling ratio was increased from 10% to 20%, and 20% to 30%. Comparisons of the results from zeolite with and without biofilm showed that, in cases of zeolite with biofilm, the amounts of silica and oxygen decreased and the amount of carbon increased, and it showed the formation of biofilm on the surface of zeolite. In addition, the absence of sodium in the zeolite with the biofilm indicated that sodium was exchanged with ammonium ions. According to the results, zeolite can be used in anaerobic reactors as a medium, and it also reduces fluctuations in pH and alkalinity at different organic loading rates, providing a normal range for anaerobic treatment.     

微生物调控对有机废物堆肥的理化性质影响研究

研究了微生物调控对有机生活废物堆肥的理化性质影响,结果表明:添加微生物处理比对照处理提前1 d进入高温分解期,且高温(>50℃)持续时间为6 d,较对照处理的长3 d;pH呈先升高后降低的趋势,微生物处理的pH值对照处理的偏低;EC值呈"M"型变化规律,微生物处理的EC值较对照高;在整个堆肥过程中微生物处理的胡敏酸E 4/E 6值都低于对照,表明添加菌剂有利于生活垃圾腐殖化;以发芽指数GI均大于80%这一标准评判,微生物处理比对照提前8d腐熟.     

青霉素菌渣堆肥过程中青霉素钠降解菌的分离与鉴定

为了研究开发青霉素发酵菌渣堆肥资源化与无害化技术,采用传统的富集、分离、纯化等微生物学方法,在青霉素菌渣与猪粪混合堆肥过程中筛选出一株青霉素钠高效降解菌——PC-2,并对其进行形态表征和基于16S rRNA基因序列的微生物种属鉴定. 结果表明:菌株PC-2属螯合球菌属(Chelatococcus sp.),其能够利用青霉素钠为唯一碳源生长,但外加碳、氮源可显著提高菌株PC-2对青霉素钠的降解效率. 当葡萄糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、菌株PC-2接种量为14%、pH为6~8时,菌株PC-2在37 ℃下振荡培养6 h,对初始ρ(青霉素钠)为400 mg/L的青霉素钠的降解率可达98%以上. 自堆肥过程中获取高效青霉素钠降解菌PC-2,预示着其在菌渣堆肥过程中的应用潜力,也有助于深入开展青霉素制药菌渣的安全有效与无害化处理处置方法的研究.      

超声辅助生物淋滤废旧Zn-C电池锌锰溶出的研究

以氧化硫硫杆菌(A.thiooxidans)为淋滤菌株对废旧Zn-C电池电极材料中的Zn、Mn进行了生物浸提,比较研究了化学浸提、生物淋滤和不同超声辅助方法生物淋滤体系下的Zn、Mn的溶出效率及溶出动力学.结果表明:不同超声辅助方法中,超声+生物淋滤体系Zn、Mn溶出最优,Zn、Mn的最大溶出率分别为94.2%和65.5%,并提高了溶释速率.此外,对于Mn的溶出,化学淋滤体系符合边界层扩散控制模型,生物淋滤和超声+生物淋滤体系符合收缩核Stoke's regime模型,而Zn的溶出均符合化学反应控制模型.     

北京市污水处理厂污泥应用于园林绿化的可行性分析

目前北京市的污泥产量逐步增长,将其堆肥化处理后,施加到园林绿化项目中去,可有效解决污泥出路和园林绿化所需有机肥的问题。从北京市污泥产量,园林绿化面积,堆肥化处理技术和经济效益可行性方面进行了论述,分析结果表明,北京市的园林绿化面积完全可以消纳产生的污泥,并且具有较高的经济效益,实现了生态效益和经济效益的有机统一。     

化学镀镍废液的处理及再生技术研究进展

介绍了化学镀镍废液的产生和危害,综述了近年来国内外采用化学沉淀法、电解法、氧化还原法、萃取法、离子交换法、电渗析法等对化学镀镍废液进行处理及净化再生的技术研究进展,对各种方法的实用性进行了评价,并指出今后的发展方向。     

沤肥浸渍液对3种黄瓜病害的防治作用

从１９９２ 年开始连续８ 年研究马、牛和猪厩肥沤制并浸泡提取物对黄瓜病害的防治作用．盆栽试验表明,沤肥浸渍液对黄瓜霜霉病、黄瓜枯萎病、黄瓜白粉病具有良好的防治效果,对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果可达４６ ．５ ％６７ ．３ ％ ,对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果可达７２ ．１ ％９２ ．５ ％ ,对黄瓜白粉病的防治效果可达７２ ．３ ％７９ ．７ ％ ．对沤肥浸渍液的防病机理的研究表明,微生物代谢产物对病原菌孢子的抑制作用、沤肥中微生物对病原菌的拮抗作用和沤肥诱导的生理生化和组织形态方面的抗病性起着重要的作用     

The economics of land application of fresh and composted broiler litter with an environmental constraint

Land application of broiler litter is a common disposal method due to its value as a fertiliser substitute, but presents potential environmental problems because of nutrient runoff. Composting has been suggested as an alternative due to the formation of more stable organic components. The land application of fresh and composted broiler litter are compared as alternative disposal methods. The costs of land application of broiler litter are dominated by spreading because of low nutrient densities relative to commercial fertilisers. Composting broiler litter before land application appears to be substantially less economically attractive than land application of fresh broiler litter because of high costs of production and higher spreading costs due to even lower nutrient density. However, when environmental constraints are placed on the phosphorus concentration from hayfield runoff, composting becomes a more attractive alternative. Composting becomes more viable as the land base for application becomes smaller relative to broiler production; as alternative disposal costs for litter become higher; and as environmental constraints become stricter.     

UV-catalytic treatment of spent caustic from ethene plant with hydrogen peroxide and ozone oxidation

The performance of UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 oxidation systems for treating spent caustic from an ethylene plant was investigated, in UV/H2O2 system, with the increase of H202 dosage, removal efficiencies of COD and the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) to chemical oxygen demand(COD) of the effluent were increased and a better performance was obtained than the H2O2 system alone. In UV/H2O2 system, removal efficiency of COD reach 68% under the optimum condition, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.52. In UV/O3 system, with the increase of O3 dosage, removal efficiency of COD and BOD/COD ratio were increased, and a better performance was obtained than the O3 system alone. Under the optimum condition, removal efficiency of COD was 54%, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.48. In UV/H2O2/O3 system, COD removal efficiency was found to be 22.0% higher than UV/O3 system.