温州临江垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的性质研究

研究了温州临江垃圾焚烧发电厂生活垃圾焚烧产生飞灰的物理和化学性质。飞灰为含水率低、颗粒尺寸集中在43~175μm之间的灰色粉末,主要由Si、Al、Ca、Mg、Fe、Na、K、C和S元素组成。飞灰中Pb、Cd的浸出浓度在酸性条件下都不同程度地高于我国危险废物鉴别标准的允许浓度,其中Pb的浸出浓度在pH值1.06~13.69条件下远远超标,碱性条件下浸出毒性比酸性条件下小。矿物组成主要为石英(SiO2)、赤铁矿αFe2O3、钙长石CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2、钙铝黄长石2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2、KCl、NaCl、CaCO、PbO、TiO2、ZnCO3等,溶解盐含量高达19.5%,化学反应活性较强,热稳定性较差。     

A RIFFLE STABILITY INDEX TO EVALUATE SEDIMENT LOADING TO STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Riffles in moderately entrenched stream reaches with gradients of 2 percent to 4 percent that have received excessive sediment from upstream have a distinctly different and higher proportion of smaller mobile particles than riffles in systems that are in dynamic equilibrium. The mobile fraction on the riffle can be estimated by comparing the relative abundance of various particle sizes present on the riffle with the dominant large particles on an adjacent bar. Riffle particles smaller than the dominant large particles on the bar are interpreted as mobile. The mobile percentile of particles on the riffle is termed “Riffle Stability Index” (RSI) and provides a useful estimate of the degree of increased sediment supply to riffles in mountain streams. The RSI addresses situations in which increases in gravel bedload from headwaters activities is depositing material on riffles and filling pools, and it reflects qualitative differences between reference and managed watersheds. The RSI correlates well with other measures of stream channel physical condition, such as V and the results of fish habitat surveys. Thus, it can be used as an indicator of stream reach and watershed condition and also of aquatic habitat quality.     

Assessing slope stability in unplanned settlements in developing countries

Unplanned housing in developing countries is often located on steep slopes. Frequently no building code is enforced for such housing and mains water is provided with no drainage provision. Both of these factors can be particularly significant in terms of landslide risk if, as is so often the case, such slopes lack any planned drainage provision. There is thus a need to develop a model that facilitates the assessment of slope stability in an holistic context, incorporating a wide range of factors (including surface cover, soil water topographic convergence, slope loading and point source water leakage) in order that appropriate advice can be given as to the general controls on slope stability in such circumstances. This paper outlines a model configured for this specific purpose and describes an application to a site in St. Lucia, West Indies, where there is active slope movement in an unplanned housing development on relatively steep topography. The model findings are in accord with the nature of the current failure at the site, provide guidance as to the significance of slope drainage and correspond to inferences drawn from an application of resistance envelope methods to the site. In being able to scenario test a uniquely wide range of combinations of factors, the model structure is shown to be highly valuable in assessing dominant slope stability process controls in such complex environments.     

VALUE OF WOODY RWER CORRIDORS IN LEVEE PROTECTION ALONG THE MISSOURI RWER IN 19931

ABSTRACT: Following the Midwest flood of 1993, a study was initiated along a 39-mile segment of the Missouri River to determine if there was an association between woody corridors and levee stability. A systematic sample of levee failures revealed that primary levees which did not fail had a significantly wider woody corridor than failed levees. Analysis of the total inventory of failed levees revealed that as the width of the woody corridor decreased, the length of the levee failure increased. Number of levee failures and their severity of damage could be reduced if woody corridors were at least 300 feet wide.     

Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River,Yosemite Valley,Yosemite National Park,California, USA

Channel changes from 1919 to 1989 were documented in two study reaches of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park through a review of historical photographs and documents and a comparison of survey data. Bank erosion was prevalent and channel width increased an average of 27% in the upstream reach, where human use was concentrated. Here, trampling of the banks and riparian vegetation was common, and banks eroded on straight stretches as frequently as on meander bends. Six bridges in the upper reach constrict the channel by an average of 38% of the original width, causing severe erosion. In the downstream control reach, where human use was minimal, channel widths both decreased and increased, with a mean increase of only 4% since 1919. Bank erosion in the control reach occurred primarily on meander bends. The control reach also had denser stands of riparian vegetation and a higher frequency of large woody debris in channels. There is only one bridge in the lower reach, located at the downstream end. Since 1919, bank erosion in the impacted upstream reach contributed a significant amount of sediment (74,800 tonnes, equivalent to 2.0 t/km²/yr) to the river. An analysis of 75 years of precipitation and hydrologic records showed no trends responsible for bank erosion in the upper reach. Sediment input to the upper reach has not changed significantly during the study period. Floodplain soils are sandy, with low cohesion and are easily detached by lateral erosion. The degree of channel widening was positively correlated with the percentage of bare ground on the streambanks and low bank stability ratings. Low bank stability ratings were, in turn, strongly associated with high human use areas. Channel widening and bank erosion in the upper reach were due primarily to destruction of riparian vegetation by human trampling and the effect of bridge constrictions on high flow, and secondarily to poorly installed channel revetments. Several specific recommendations for river restoration were provided to park management.     

大气污染与平流层气溶胶

本文简述了大气污染与气溶胶的关系，论述了平流层气溶胶对地球辐射收支的影响，从而说明平流层气溶胶的光学性质的变化将影响全球大气环境，在此基础上，计算了不同背景平流层气溶胶的光学常数和光学特性参数。并使用模式光学常数计算了３种火山模工气溶胶的光学特性参数。同时，考察了这些特性参数对光学常数的敏感性。结果表明，后向散射系数对光学常数的变化最敏感，对于某些波长，它的相对变化可比光学常数的相对变化大一个数量     

生物沥浸耦合类Fenton氧化调理城市污泥

采用生物沥浸耦合类Fenton氧化工艺对城市污泥进行了调理研究.结果表明,在升华硫和Fe SO4·7H2O投量分别为3g·L-1和8 g·L-1时,污泥p H从6.9降至2.5约需1 d,满足类Fenton氧化的适宜酸性条件.生物沥浸处理后,污泥挥发性固体(VS)减少率为13.4%,污泥比阻从3.1×109s2·g-1降至1.5×109s2·g-1,降低51.6%,但仍属于难脱水污泥.沥浸污泥继续经类Fenton氧化调理,调理的最佳H2O2投量和反应时间分别为3.3 g·L-1和60 min.处理后污泥VS减少率为30.8%,污泥比阻和滤饼含水率分别为1.9×108s2·g-1和76.9%,污泥比阻降低93.9%,污泥脱水性能和稳定性能得到显著提高.此外,该联合工艺对污泥的调理效果优于类Fenton氧化单独调理.     

崇明岛东部不同年代围垦区土壤有机质组成变化研究

在崇明岛东部不同年代围垦区选择4个典型部位的钻孔样品,应用热裂解气相色谱质谱联用技术(Py-GC-MS),取得土壤有机质热裂解产物的类型与相对含量,从分子层面探究埋藏盐沼土壤有机质组成特征,研究土壤有机质稳定性随时间的变化规律.结果表明,自西向东4个钻孔的样品(CM2、CM4、CM5、CM6)中,分别检测到53、80、...     

陶粒CANON反应器的接种启动与运行

通过CANON接种污泥,以人工配制无机高氨氮废水为对象,研究以陶粒为填料的CANON反应器启动与运行情况,结果表明:①陶粒可以作为CANON反应器合适填料,温度通过水浴控制在30℃±1℃,HRT为9 h、pH控制在7.00~8.08之间,经过60 d成功启动了CANON反应器,TN的去除负荷达到0.79 kg·(m3·d)-1;②在温度30℃时,陶粒CANON反应器中临界DO范围在1.12~1.69 mg·L-1之间,CANON反应器中短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化性能可维持稳定,高于此范围时,会出现CANON反应器中短程硝化不稳定现象;③在温度25℃,控制DO在1.01~1.54 mg·L-1之间时,尽管NO-3-N变化值与TN变化值的比值(δNO-3-N/δTN)略微偏离理论值0.127,为0.150~0.204,但CANON反应器脱氮性能趋于稳定,TN去除率最高为75.56%,TN的去除负荷最高达到0.97 kg·(m3·d)-1,这意味着CANON工艺的适宜温度范围至少可以降低至25℃.     

大渡河干海子滑坡稳定性研究

干海子滑坡位于大渡河流域,规模巨大.为研究该滑坡的稳定性,在对滑坡基本特征及变形破坏特征等深入研究的基础上,采用极限平衡法(Geo-slope软件)和有限差分法(FLAC-3D软件)对该滑坡的稳定性和应力应变特征进行了计算、模拟.稳定性计算模拟主要从深层、浅层及局部稳定三方面入手分析,计算模拟结果与滑坡的宏现地质现象均...