Uneven distribution of urban green spaces in a coastal city in northwest Mexico

ABSTRACT

Extent and distribution of urban green spaces (UGS) in Mazatlan (Mexico) are analysed using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Vegetated areas (2,270?ha), a third of the urban area in 2015, were reclassified into green spaces (GS), urban tree (UT) and open spaces (OS), based in the normalised difference vegetation index, relating them with demographic and socioeconomic data. UGS allocation per capita amount 55?m², mainly represented by the UT class, with the largest patches associated with low developed and very high marginalised areas, and also with very low marginalised sectors, while the lowest allocation correspond to medium and low marginalisation, highly populated sector, without significant correlations. Despite the USG allocation, it is required a better urban planning to maintain public UGS and to protect the local flora, threatened by the introduction of exotic, ornamental species (64% of UT), to guarantee the provision of ecosystem services to the population.     

Detention Outlet Retrofit Improves the Functionality of Existing Detention Basins by Reducing Erosive Flows in Receiving Channels

By discharging excess stormwater at rates that more frequently exceed the critical flow for stream erosion, conventional detention basins often contribute to increased channel instability in urban and suburban systems that can be detrimental to aquatic habitat and water quality, as well as adjacent property and infrastructure. However, these ubiquitous assets, valued at approximately $600,000 per km² in a representative suburban watershed, are ideal candidates to aid in reversing such cycles of channel degradation because improving their functionality would not necessarily require property acquisition or heavy construction. The objective of this research was to develop a simple, cost‐effective device that could be installed in detention basin outlets to reduce the erosive power of the relatively frequent storm events (~ < two‐year recurrence) and provide a passive bypass to maintain flood control performance during infrequent storms (such as the 100‐year recurrence). Results from a pilot installation show that the Detain H₂O device reduced the cumulative sediment transport capacity of the preretrofit condition by greater than 40%, and contributed to reduced flashiness and prolonged baseflows in receiving streams. When scaling the strategy across a watershed, these results suggest that potential gains in water quality and stream channel stability could be achieved at costs that are orders of magnitude less than comparable benefits from newly constructed stormwater control measures.     

基于均匀设计的边坡敏感性灰色关联分析

在边坡敏感性分析中,试验方法的选择对试验次数和试验效果起着至关重要的作用.与正交设计相比,均匀设计不仅能减少试验次数,而且能够获得较好的试验效果.本文以一土质边坡为例,选取容重、内聚力、内摩擦角、坡角及坡高5个因素进行均匀试验设计,并对其敏感性进行了灰色关联分析,结果表明:坡体的抗剪强度指标是影响土质边坡稳定性的最重要...     

宁波南沙港网箱养殖水域营养状况评价及生物修复策略

根据2007年1月-2007年11月4个航次对宁波南沙港网箱养殖水域水体营养盐（NO2--N、NO3--N、NH 4＋-N和PO34--P）含量的监测结果,利用营养指数E法对水体的富营养化状态进行了评价。根据网箱养殖系统物质平衡方程和现场调查实验数据,估算了南沙港网箱养殖水域的氮磷污染负荷,以溶解态氮作为平衡指标,估算了鱼藻类合理的配比模式。结果表明,南沙港水体中NO2--N、NO3--N、NH4＋-N、PO4-P含量年变化范围分别为0.26μmol/L～4.86μmol/L,33.93μmol/L～82.86μmol/L,0.59μmol/L～7.86μmol/L,1.47μmol/L～2.97μmol/L,不同养殖区之间营养盐含量差异不显著（p〈0.05）;营养指数E值年变化范围介于2.41～15.99之间,表明该港水体处于重度富营养化状态;养殖区N/P值的年平均值为32.95,表明南沙港海区是一个氮过剩的养殖系统。南沙港网箱养殖水域氮、磷的负荷量分别为70.43 t/a和5.96 t/a,其中溶解态氮、磷负荷量分别为49.3 t/a和2.38 t/a;南沙港的藻类养殖面积需要在现有基础上再扩大0.44倍,达到107.52 ha,才可以与网箱养殖系统的氮磷污染负荷构成平衡;网箱养殖个数与藻类养殖面积（ha）的合理配比约为1∶0.027。     

高层建筑地基下卧软弱夹层的稳定性探讨

对于场区内不可直接采用天然地基的高层建筑,建议优先考虑浅层换填地基处理方案,保证基础下粗颗粒垫层厚度不小于3.0m为宜。本文对高层建筑地基下卧软弱夹层稳定性的验算问题进行了探讨,当对软弱下卧层作深度修正后仍不能满足基础设计要求时,可按两个粗糙平面之间的薄层挤压问题对软弱下卧层进行稳定性分析及极限荷载计算,强度安全系数k取值为3,一般可以满足设计强度要求。该研究对地基处理有着重要的理论和实践借鉴意义。     

动态水流条件下河流底泥污染物(CODCr)释放研究

为了研究不同水深、流速等水动力条件对底泥中污染物释放强度的影响,以苏州河底泥为例,通过水槽试验,分析了动态水流条件下河流底泥中污染物释放及其对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,CODCr释放率随时间的增大而增大,但CODCr释放强度随时间的增大而减小.底泥中污染物释放率与水深和流速有关,在相同水深的条件下,底泥的释放率随着流速的增加而增大;在相同流速的条件下,底泥的释放率随着水深的增大而减小.在水深10cm、流速0.10m.s-1的动态水流条件下,底泥向上覆水体释放CODCr的释放强度与时间的关系为:C=1.06C0e-0.06t.     

Microbial community functional structure in response to micro-aerobic conditions in sulfate-reducing sulfur-producing bioreactor

Limited oxygen supply to anaerobic wastewater treatment systems had been demonstrated as an effective strategy to improve elemental sulfur(S0) recovery, coupling sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation. However, little is known about the impact of dissolved oxygen(DO) on the microbial functional structures in these systems. We used a high throughput tool(GeoChip) to evaluate the microbial community structures in a biological desulfurization reactor under micro-aerobic conditions(DO: 0.02–0.33 mg/L). The results indicated that the microbial community functional compositions and structures were dramatically altered with elevated DO levels. The abundances of dsrA/B genes involved in sulfate reduction processes significantly decreased(p 0.05, LSD test) at relatively high DO concentration(DO: 0.33 mg/L). The abundances of sox and fccA/B genes involved in sulfur/sulfide oxidation processes significantly increased(p 0.05, LSD test) in low DO concentration conditions(DO: 0.09 mg/L) and then gradually decreased with continuously elevated DO levels. Their abundances coincided with the change of sulfate removal efficiencies and elemental sulfur(S0) conversion efficiencies in the bioreactor. In addition, the abundance of carbon degradation genes increased with the raising of DO levels, showing that the heterotrophic microorganisms(e.g., fermentative microorganisms) were thriving under micro-aerobic condition. This study provides new insights into the impacts of micro-aerobic conditions on the microbial functional structure of sulfatereducing sulfur-producing bioreactors, and revealed the potential linkage between functional microbial communities and reactor performance.     

Pearce型构造岩浆地球化学判别图评述——以玄武岩为例

自从六十年代板块构造的概念诞生以来,人们认识到有必要探讨古地理和古构造重建的方法.一段时期以来,很多学者(如Gilluly,1971)认为,岩浆作用与特定的大地构造环境紧密相关,不同的岩浆类型或火山岩系列产在一定的地壳环境,因而出现了许多运用主要或微量元素资料的分类体系或判别图.基于Irvine和Barager(1971)以及Miyashiro(1973)发表的主要元素图解能用来判别岩浆类型,而Pearce(1976)则介绍     

菌-藻共生好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性机理

在非曝气条件下接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)和绿藻藻种,经过18d的培养,成功构建了菌-藻共生好氧颗粒污泥系统(ABGS).研究表明,在非曝气条件下,与传统的AGS相比,ABGS具有更高的生物活性、除污染效能和机械强度,说明ABGS的稳定性更优.对ABGS的稳定性机理进行分析,发现在颗粒化过程中,胞外聚合物(EPS)特别是...     

增大库水位日降幅联合降雨条件下张家祠堂滑坡稳定性分析

库水位下降对滑坡的稳定性变化有重要影响。以张家祠堂滑坡为例,利用Geo-studio软件的Seep/W模块和Slope/W模块分别对滑坡渗流场和稳定性进行数值模拟计算,分析降雨和不同库水位下降速率对该滑坡稳定性的影响规律,并结合滑坡变形的调查情况和数值模拟计算结果对该滑坡进行稳定性预测与评价。结果表明:张家祠堂滑坡为降雨型滑坡,相对于降雨,增大库水位日降幅对滑坡稳定性影响非常有限;预测在非汛期增大库水位日降幅条件下,滑坡整体基本稳定;滑坡在中前部虽有变形,但滑坡整体并未形成连续贯通的软弱面,因此该滑坡目前为基本稳定;滑坡在最危险工况(库水位日降幅1.2m/d+降雨)下的稳定性系数为1.154,滑坡处于基本稳定状态。