南极大气气溶胶中铅同位素比值的研究

通过对电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的工作条件和参数进行优化,建立了ICP-MS测定铅同位素比值的精确方法,测量了2007—2009年南极中山站采集到的气溶胶样品中208Pb/206Pb、207Pb/206Pb和206Pb/207Pb的比值。结果表明,南极大气气溶胶中铅同位素比值在逐年缓慢地发生线性变化,线性相关系数为0.996 2;气溶胶铅同位素示踪揭示南极附近国家(除南非)释放的铅可能成为南极大气中铅的重要来源。     

A game model for dominance relations among group-living animals

We present here an attempt to understand behaviors of dominant individuals and of subordinate individuals as behavior strategies in an asymmetric “hawk-dove” game. We assume that contestants have perfect information about relative fighting ability and the value of the resource. Any type of asymmetry, both relevant to and irrelevant to the fighting ability, can be considered. It is concluded that evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs) depend on the resource value (V), the cost of injury (D), and the probability that the individual in one role will win (x). Different ESSs can exist even when values of V, D, and x are the same. The characteristics of dominance relations detected by observers may result from the ESSs that the individuals are adopting. The model explains some characteristics of dominance relations, for example, the consistent outcome of contests, the rare occurrence of escalated fights, and the discrepancy between resource holding potential (RHP) and dominance relations, from the viewpoint of individual selection. Received: 7 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 17 October 1997     

Congener-specific accumulation and trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in spider crab food webs revealed by stable isotope analysis

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and stable isotopes (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed in the spider crab (Maja brachydactyla) food web from the Iroise Sea (Western Brittany) and the Seine Bay (Eastern English Channel). PCB concentrations were all significantly higher in organisms from the Seine Bay than those from the Iroise Sea. PCB patterns were strongly related to the feeding mode of the species, and increased influence of higher chlorinated congeners was highlighted with trophic position of the organisms. PCB concentrations (lipid normalized) were significantly related to the isotopically derived trophic level (TL) in spider crab food webs. The highest trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were calculated for the congeners with 2,4,5-substitution, and were lower in the Seine Bay compared to the Iroise Sea. The confrontation of PCB and TL data also revealed biotransformation capacity of decapod crustaceans for specific congeners based on structure-activity relations.     

Atmospheric transport of urban-derived NH(x): Evidence from nitrogen concentration and delta(15)N in epilithic mosses at Guiyang, SW China

Nitrogen concentration and δ¹⁵N in 175 epilithic moss samples were investigated along four directions from urban to rural sites in Guiyang, SW China. The spatial variations of moss N concentration and δ¹⁵N revealed that atmospheric N deposition is dominated by NH_x-N from two major sources (urban sewage NH₃ and agricultural NH₃), the deposition of urban-derived NH_x followed a point source pattern characterized by an exponential decline with distance from the urban center, while the agricultural-derived NH_x was shown to be a non-point source. The relationship between moss N concentration and distance (y = 1.5e^−0.13x + 1.26) indicated that the maximum transporting distance of urban-derived NH_x averaged 41 km from the urban center, and it could be determined from the relationship between moss δ¹⁵N and distance [y = 2.54 ln(x) − 12.227] that urban-derived NH_x was proportionally lower than agricultural-derived NH_x in N deposition at sites beyond 17.2 km from the urban center. Consequently, the variation of urban-derived NH_x with distance from the urban center could be modeled as y = 56.272e^−0.116x − 0.481 in the Guiyang area.     

河网水源生态湿地水氢氧同位素分异特征

为揭示河网水源生态湿地中水力流程沿途和植物床-沟壕系统内部水同位素分异特征,于2019年8月夏季湿雨期,沿水力流程梯度采集嘉兴市石臼漾湿地、贯泾港湿地、海宁市长水塘湿地和泰山港湿地这4个根孔型水源生态湿地上层水样,于2020年1月冬季干冷期采集泰山港湿地植物床-沟壕系统内部沟壕上层水样和植物床潜水样品.测定氘（δD）和δ¹⁸ O丰度,运用同位素技术和数理统计方法解析湿地水体水同位素分布和组成特征,并探明植物床-沟壕系统对水同位素分异的影响.结果表明：①河网水同位素时空变化很大程度上受到不同水源补给和蒸发富集作用的影响,湿地敞水区水线与邻近区域大气降水线相比,湿地区水氢氧同位素呈现富集特征;②通过多种数理统计手段结合散点图并做模型假设诊断分析,发现在4个湿地的区域尺度和每个湿地内部的局域尺度,水氢氧同位素丰度及组成在垂向维度和水平维度大多呈现复杂的非线性变化,在区域尺度上,垂向维度的水位高程较水平维度的水力流程长度对水同位素的分布影响更大,而在局域尺度内,水力流程驱动的影响往往更大;③异质性较强的湿地根孔生态净化区相较于其他功能区其水同位素相对更加富集;④由芦苇等根系发达的植物所形成的地下大孔隙网络、富含粘土的基质土壤和植物床上的植物对湿地水氢氧同位素丰度具有显著影响,因此,在植物床-沟壕系统内部,出水侧的低位小沟相较于进水侧的高位小沟其水同位素偏轻;⑤植物床-沟壕系统中水同位素丰度的突变点可能预示着水体净化的拐点;⑥植物床-沟壕系统潜水中氘盈余（d-excess）明显高于沟水相应值,且潜水变异系数远大于沟水,湿地根孔生态净化区的氘盈余呈现夏季湿热雨季偏负、冬季干冷旱季偏正的季节性差异,反映了湿地水汽来源的季节性差异和内部同位素分馏行为的空间差异.研究结果为人们认识人工湿地中水同位素分布特征、水力流态及提升湿地运行效果提供参考依据,并为探索湿地水质提升关键技术提供新思路.本研究表明水同位素技术在剖析湿地水文学方面具有可靠的巨大潜力.     

湖泊沉积多指标记录的长寿湖近60年来营养化过程

长寿湖位于重庆市长寿区境内,是重庆市最大的湖泊旅游风景区和淡水鱼养殖基地之一。近年来,其营养化日趋严重。本文通过对有机质碳、氮含量、碳氮比值、有机质碳同位素等有机质指标的分析,结合~(137)Cs放射性核素定年,探讨了长寿湖近60年来有机质转化及营养演化过程。结果表明:长寿湖有机质主要来源于水生植物藻类,受陆源影响较小;湖泊环境演化分为两个截然不同的阶段:1980年以前,有机质碳、氮含量较低,C/N比值较小,有机质碳同位素值较大,暗示湖泊营养环境为贫营养化。1980年以后,有机质碳、氮含量较高,C/N比值较大,有机质碳同位素值偏负,说明湖泊已经处于营养化阶段,人为活动的增强及养殖业的发展是导致湖泊生产力增大的主要因素。长寿湖沉积物多指标忠实记录了湖泊环境的演化过程。     

地下水有机污染源识别技术体系研究与示范

地下水有机污染点多面广、污染源不清、治理难度大,如何从源头上控制污染源,减少污染源对地下水的威胁,是地下水污染控制和治理的关键.以典型污染场地为例开展有机污染源辨识研究,建立地下水有机污染源识别技术体系,并应用于典型污染场地地下水有机污染源的识别.在掌握污染场地地质、水文地质条件的基础上,从大量地下水分析化验数据中,确定污染场地特征污染物为四氯化碳,建立污染场地溶质运移模型,并结合单体同位素技术,通过模型反演和同位素溯源,确定了典型场地有机污染源的分布、污染现状,并对识别出的潜在污染源进行调查和土壤取样分析,结果表明,辨识出的两个历史污染源位置、污染物浓度分布结果可靠,为地下水污染治理提供了依据.     

基于氢氧稳定同位素的华北农田夏玉米耗水规律研究

农作物耗水规律的研究对提高农业用水效率,缓解我国华北地区的水资源短缺现状具有重要意义。论文基于水文监测与氢氧稳定同位素方法,以山西省运城市董村农场为例,研究了夏玉米在不同生长期的根系吸水深度变化,以及农田灌溉条件下SPAC系统的水分通量。研究结果表明,夏玉米拔节期、开花期和成熟期的主要根系吸水深度分别为0~20 cm(96%~99%)、20~50 cm(58%~85%)、0~20 cm(69%~76%),在整个生长期内存在着先由浅变深,后由深变浅的规律;夏玉米漫灌后,蒸腾量占蒸散发量的71.3%,深层入渗损失量占到灌溉水量的43.3%,灌溉水的利用率仅为40.4%,应采取措施减小深层入渗量以提高灌溉水利用率。     

华北平原不同农田管理措施对于土壤碳库的影响

华北平原是我国重要的粮食生产基地,土壤碳氮水平直接作用于区域的土壤肥力和粮食生产.通过长期定位实验,研究了包括自然恢复(F)、清茬翻耕(N)、秸秆还田免耕(S)和秸秆还田翻耕(TS)这4个处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)、全碳(TS)、全氮(TN)含量和储量以及13C和15N分布状况.结果表明,与F相比,在0~20 cm土层,N、S和TS的土壤有机碳储量分别降低21.6%、12.3%和3.4%,土壤无机碳储量变化不显著.在20~40 cm土层,土壤有机碳储量变化不显著,而3个农田耕作处理的土壤无机碳储量较F分别增加4.1%(N)、7.3%(S)和5.0%(TS),无机碳增加主要是次生碳酸盐的贡献,农田土壤PIC增加了97%~261%.与自然恢复地相比,农田土壤表层δ15N、δ13CSIC、δ13CSOC偏高且δ13CSOC达显著差异,20~40 cm土层δ15N、δ13CSIC偏低而δ13CSOC偏高.该地区农田土壤中原生碳酸盐以分解作用为主,土壤-作物系统通过增加CO_2含量促进次生碳酸盐的形成,秸秆还田是恢复农田耕作引起土壤碳库储存下降的有效措施.对于华北平原,今后应加强关于秸秆还田和耕作措施对土壤有机碳和无机碳影响的综合研究,对于表层以下层次土壤的碳转化和变化规律需要更多的长期观测.     

北京市和厦门市大气 CO2 浓度及 δ13C 值变化特征

本文对北京市和厦门市大气CO_2及δ~(13)C进行观测,研究内陆城市和沿海城市CO_2浓度及δ~(13)C的季节和昼夜变化规律及影响因素,以期为政府制定碳减排政策提供科学依据。北京市和厦门市CO_2浓度均呈现秋冬季高于春夏季,而δ~(13)C秋冬季低于春夏季,季节差异原因可能是秋冬大气边界层降低,化石燃料消耗增加,贫13C的CO_2气体大量排放。观测期间,两个城市日变化模式均表现为CO_2夜间高于白天,δ~(13)C夜间低于白天;且在早晚交通高峰时段,两地CO_2浓度均有不同程度升高,而δ~(13)C有不同程度降低。冬季,北京市由于受西、北部高山阻挡,在东南风条件下使得其夜间大气CO_2浓度显著增高,δ~(13)C值则显著降低。根据两地新增CO_2的δ~(13)C值(δs)推测,北京市受到煤炭燃烧贡献较大,厦门市季节差异较大,推测受植物排放CO_2速率及气象条件等共同影响。