南京市大气沉降中重金属特征及对土壤环境的影响

为明确城市大气重金属沉降对土壤环境的影响,在对南京市6个典型城市功能区连续4a大气(干、湿)沉降中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni)含量、通量、时空变异等方面研究的基础上,结合不同功能区表土重金属含量与土壤剖面206Pb/207Pb特征,分析其在城市土壤的累积特征.研究显示,Cu、Zn和Pb在大气沉降中强烈富集,其中又以Cu和Pb为潜在生态危害的关键元素.大气沉降导致除在相对未受城市人为活动影响的风景区外各功能区表土重金属均有明显富集,这种富集受大气沉降重金属含量和沉降量的共同影响.土壤累积模式预测钢铁工业区表土受大气重金属沉降影响的长期累积增量最大,以Zn和Pb最明显.钢铁工业区土壤剖面Pb含量和同位素特征显示表层20cm土体受大气沉降影响明显,206Pb/207Pb二元模型与预测模式对定量大气Pb沉降的土壤影响结果较一致,表明土壤中某些重金属的累积与大气沉降密切相关.     

营养条件对微藻碳、氮稳定同位素组成的影响

以5种微藻(甲藻3种,硅藻、绿藻各1种)为试验材料,探讨了不同营养条件对微藻不同生长阶段碳氮稳定同位素组成的影响.结果表明,不同纲微藻的d13C值和d15N值在稳定生长期高于指数生长期,且与生长速率没有相关性(P>0.05).硅藻的d13C值低于甲藻和绿藻,绿藻和甲藻的d13C值比较相近;甲藻的d15N值低于硅藻和绿藻,绿藻和硅藻的d15N值比较相近,且同属甲藻纲的海洋原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和强壮前沟藻的d15N值有较大的差异. 5种微藻在不同营养条件(营养盐充足、缺氮、缺磷)下培养,氮限制和磷限制导致微藻具有更正的d13C和d15N,磷限制的影响不明显,且弱于氮抑制.     

Stable C and N isotope analysis elucidated the importance of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass bed of Santiago Island,Northwestern Philippines

The role of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass ecosystem was investigated in milkfish farms pollution-impacted and -unimpacted seagrass beds in Santiago Island coral reefs, Northwestern Philippines. The aim was to compare between the two sites: (1) abiotic factors and zooplankton community parameters, and (2) the trophic structure using C and N stable isotopes. Low water (98–119?mV) and sediment (–121 to ?138?mV) Oxidation Reduction Potential values indicated a reducing environment in the impacted site. Zooplankton in the impacted site showed the typical community response to eutrophication (low diversity, but high total abundance due to the dominance of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona oculata), generally few elevated δ¹⁵N values, but a significant shift towards depleted ¹³C due to the organic enrichment of fish-farm feeds. Apart from suggesting a highly complex food web with POM and zooplankton as main food sources in the unimpacted site, the Bayesian mixing model simulation generated reduced complexity in feeding interactions between basal sources, zooplankton, and fish including adults of a key fish species, Siganus fuscescens, in the impacted sites. In this study, C and N stable isotope analysis has clarified the importance of zooplankton as fish prey in a seagrass bed food web.     

Carbon isotopic and biochemical fingerprints of sedimentary organic matter in lower Narmada and Tapi rivers,north-west coast of India

Sources of organic matter (OM) in lower Narmada and Tapi river-estuaries were examined using organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (C_org/N), stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C_org) and lignin phenol biomarkers. The signature of lower C_org (av. 0.50%) and higher δ¹³C_org (av. –20.3‰) in Narmada and, higher C_org (av. 0.85%) and lower δ¹³C_org (av. –22.8‰) in Tapi highlight the difference in OM characteristics of both systems, nevertheless they flow adjacent to each other. The OM in Tapi was predominated by fresh plant tissues, as indicated by higher Λ8?=?1.2–3.2?mg/100?mg C_org, lower Ad/Al_v?=?0.22–0.46 and lower LPVI?=?17–23. The plant OM present in the sediments of Narmada was previously degraded and mixed with soil. The OM contribution from algae was restricted to estuarine stations in both the rivers, which was ～50% in Narmada and ～35% in Tapi. The contribution of OM from fresh vascular plant was higher (20% to 63%) in Tapi than Narmada (2% to 35%). This study illustrated the benefits of using lignin phenols along with C_org/N and δ¹³C_org to identify the potential OM sources in two large river–estuary systems of India, which highlighted the complex interaction of natural and anthropogenic processes acted on the terrestrial OM compositions.     

Predicting Sustainable Ground Water to Constructed Riparian Wetlands: Shaker Trace,Ohio, USA

Water isotopy is introduced as a tool to design, locate, and select storm water best management practices for the prediction of sustained ground water inflows to prospective constructed wetlands. A primer and application of the stable isotopes, ¹⁸O and ²H, are discussed for riparian wetland restoration areas among an agricultural landscape in southwestern Ohio. Conventional piezometric measurements were ambiguous in identifying groundwater mounding across a transect which includes numerous agricultural tile drains. Instead evaporative potential data represented by δ¹⁸O values indicated a well delineated zone for prospective constructed wetlands. All successful constructed wetland areas thus far at Shaker Trace are represented by ground water with depleted δ¹⁸O values below −9.0‰ VSMOW. Such areas of sustainable ground water inflow could either be due to perched units at depth or simply the result of an increased flow gradient.     

STABLE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION IN NORTHEASTERN COLORADO1

ABSTRACT: Where data are available, hydrologic studies may use precipitation's stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition to investigate streamflow, ground water/surface water interaction, and ground water recharge. Paleoclimate studies utilize the δ¹⁸O_{precipitation}‐T_air relationship, in conjunction with lake sediments, fossils, or old ground waters, for example, to estimate pale‐otemperatures. Ecological studies utilize precipitation and soil water isotope composition to track moisture uptake in plants, and to trace species migration patterns. Such studies require that the isotopic composition of precipitation be known. Oxygen‐18 (δ¹⁸O) and deuterium (δ²H) data for precipitation are lacking in the semi‐arid portion of the north‐central U.S. Great Plains, and thus there is a need to establish additional meteoric water lines as isotope input functions across the region, as well as to develop better understanding of the isotopic climate linkages that control oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation. This study determined the δ¹⁸O and δ²H composition of precipitation in the Pawnee Grasslands of northeastern Colorado from 1994 through 1998 using archived National Atmospheric Deposition Program samples. The resulting local water line follows the relationship δ²H = 7.86 δ¹⁸O‐7.66, and the data show a δ¹⁸O_weekly ‐ T_weekly relationship of δ¹⁸O = 0.560‐T (°C)‐18.8.     

RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER DISCHARGING FROM THE HANGING GARDENS OF ZION PARK1

ABSTRACT: The Hanging Gardens are a unique feature of Zion National Park. Knowledge of the source and residence time of water discharging from the Hanging Gardens is necessary to help preserve these features. Ground-water chemical and isotopic data distinguish the discharge from seeps and springs into two groups, one of low and one of high conductivity. Water with low conductivity likely originates as recharge near the seeps and springs, and it only interacts with the Navajo Sandstone. High conductivity water, on the other hand, originates as recharge on the tops of plateaus to the east, where it interacts with marine rocks of the Carmel Formation. Carbon dating of these ground waters indicates that the low conductivity water is essentially modern recharge, while the high conductivity water was recharged 1,000 to 4,000 years ago.     

The Application of Stable Isotopes for Assessing the Hydrological, Sulfur, and Iron Balances of Acidic Mining Lake ML 111 (Lusatia, Germany) as a Basis for Biotechnological Remediation

Stable isotope (¹⁸O–H₂O, ²H–H₂O ³⁴S–SO₄ ^2-) andhydrochemical data (SO₄ ^2-, Fe-concentrations) have beenused to estimate the annual groundwater inflow and outflow of mining lake ML 111 and to calculate the total amount of dissolvedsulfate and iron that is carried into the lake by groundwater. The hydrological balance suggests an annual groundwater inflow of 23 700 m³ and an annual groundwater outflow of 15 700 m³. The calculation of the sulfur and iron balances yielded an annual sulfate input of 37 800 kg and an annual iron input of 7000 kg with the groundwater inflow. Furthermore it was shown that significant fluxes of these elements go into the lake sediments which results in continuous release of acidity in the lake water.     

五大连池药泉山矿水锶元素水文地球化学特征

通过对五大连池药泉山矿水群水样中的Sr2 含量和87Sr/86Sr值分析,得到如下结论:①位于药泉山矿水区内南北泉和桦林沸泉的锶浓度较高。由于药泉山矿水区独特的地下水循环体系使其在断裂处涌出地面形成矿泉水,锶的浓度和矿化度很高,两者成正相关,所以药泉山矿水锶的来源和矿化度的来源一致。②药泉山87Sr/86Sr值在0.706—0.7080之间,接近于华力西期花岗闪长岩,证明矿水中的锶主要来源该岩层。其它各泉的锶同位素组成基本一致,显示出锶的同源性,因此可以判断药泉山矿水中的锶来源于华力西期花岗闪长岩层。     

基于碳同位素组成的大气NMHCs光化学寿命研究

利用热解析-气相色谱-同位素质谱联用仪测定了兰州市冬季和夏季昼夜大气非甲烷烃(NMHCs)的稳定碳同位素组成.结果表明,兰州市冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值为-30.5‰～-24.3‰,夏季为-31.9‰～-24.2%,受燃煤烟气排放的影响,冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值明显大于夏季;冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值夜晚大于白天,夏季不同时间点C4、C5化合物的同位素值相差不大,正己烷和正庚烷的δ13C值白天比夜晚要高.利用"碳氢化合物同位素时钟"计算出正己烷和1-丁烯在兰州市夏季大气中的平均光化学寿命分别约为6d和25min.