从地气耦合角度讨论沙漠的成因

沙漠的成因是干燥气候和强大风力的产物.中国的大沙漠多在地壳运动相对稳定的地区,如塔里木地区、准噶尔地区、阿拉善地区、鄂尔多斯地区以及内蒙古东部地区等,因此可以认为,可能还有地下因素参与了沙漠的形成.其形成机制可能是:地壳运动稳定地区地下的携热水汽或其他携带热量的气体不易逸出,这样就不易在稳定地区大气中造成低气压状态,因而不易吸引冷热气团来交会降雨以及不易形成水汽的垂直对流降雨,这些后果叠加在更大范围的气候干燥背景上,使这些地区更加干旱,于是形成大沙漠.这种沙漠的扩展又在一些原来不是沙漠的农业区形成沙漠或沙地.     

城市污水厌氧氨氧化工艺的菌群分析与效能评估

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）是一种高效低耗的新型生物脱氮技术,在城市污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.在城市污水脱氮系统中,厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）是否存在、丰度如何及Anammox脱氮效能如何,是进行Anammox评估的重要指标.本研究重点介绍了在生物脱氮系统中进行AnAOB菌种测定和菌群结构分析的分子生物学技术及Anammox脱氮贡献率的计算方法 .结果发现,对于AnAOB的菌种测定和菌群结构分析,可采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应（qPCR）、16S rRNA高通量测序和宏基因组测序等分子生物学技术;Anammox脱氮贡献率可通过物料衡算法和¹⁵N同位素示踪法计算.同时,对这些评估方法存在的一些局限性也进行了阐述.总体而言,如何科学、有效、全面地评估Anammox在生物脱氮系统中发挥的作用仍是一个需要长期探究的课题.但随着相关研究的不断深入,检测手段和分析方法也会得到不断优化,这将为Anammox工艺的理论研究及工程应用提供重要支持.     

小浪底水库水沙调控期滨河湿地地下水与河水转化关系

以小浪底水库下游武陟湿地为研究区,综合运用数理统计、水文地球化学和同位素技术相结合的方法,研究了小浪底水库水沙调控期滨河湿地地下水与河水转化关系.结果表明,小浪底水库调水调沙期间下游水体阳离子以Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主.调水调沙初期河水水化学类型为HCO₃-Na·Ca·Mg型,地下水水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca·Mg·Na型;调水调沙中期和末期河水均为HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Mg型,地下水均为HCO₃-Na·Mg型.水库水沙调控过程中,水体的水化学组分从受碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物溶解的共同作用过渡到以碳酸盐岩溶解为主.随着调水调沙的进行,河水与近岸带地下水的氢氧同位素组成逐渐富集,表明河水来源于上游水库表层水和大气降水,地下水则受到河水与大气降水的共同补给.在上游来水与水文地质条件等因素影响下,滨河湿地地下水与河水之间的转化主要发生在近岸带（距离河岸0~100 m内）,表现为河水补给地下水,随着调水调沙的进行,河水对地下水的补给增强.     

淮河中下游沉积物PAHs的稳定碳同位素源解析

对淮河中下游水相、悬浮物、沉积物中的PAHs(多环芳烃)进行定量分析,在探讨其分布特征的基础上,利用单体烃稳定碳同位素技术揭示研究区沉积物中PAHs的来源. 结果表明:水相中正阳关的ρ(PAHs)最高,达5.01 ng/mL;悬浮物和沉积物中以蚌埠闸的w(PAHs)最高,分别为9.85和1 175.02 ng/g. 沉积物中PAHs的δ13C在-39.4‰~-17.6‰之间.正阳关、平圩、洛河和蚌埠闸等采样点的高环PAHs的δ13C比低环PAHs的小,表明高环PAHs富集12C（轻碳同位素）,显示燃煤源为主要污染源;但这4个采样点PAHs的δ13C与燃煤烟尘相比存在一定差异,表明除燃煤源外可能还存在着少量其他污染源. 双沟镇高环PAHs的δ13C比低环PAHs的大,表明高环PAHs富集13C（重碳同位素),可能是微生物作用所致.      

三峡库区蓄水175m对汉丰湖不同生物类群δ13C、δ15N值的影响

于2010年蓄水前(7月)和蓄水后(12月)应用稳定碳、氮同位素方法对汉丰湖食物网中初级生产者和消费者δ13C、δ15N值变化规律进行了调查分析.结果显示:汉丰湖初级生产者颗粒有机物(POM)、固着藻类和水生植物δ13C、δ15N值分别为-28.45‰~-24.78‰、3.72‰~5.76‰,-25.81‰~-21.22‰、3.23‰~4.81‰,-27.99‰~-23.74‰、8.06‰~12.48‰.从蓄水前到蓄水后初级生产者(POM、固着藻类、水生植物)δ13C、δ15N(除水生植物)值均呈现贫乏趋势;消费者δ15N值变化规律与初级生产者一致,但其δ13C值无明显变化;汉丰湖鱼类食物网营养级长度均为3级,消费者中杂食性鱼类居多其碳源主要来源于固着藻类.新形成的汉丰湖水生生态系统已经形成了相对稳定的食物网结构.     

广州机动车尾气中乙醛稳定碳同位素特征和排放因子

为了获得机动车排放源中乙醛的δ13C(稳定碳同位素丰度)特征及其影响因素,进行不同负荷下的发动机台架试验,采集不同怠速下的机动车尾气样品. 利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱(GC-C-IRMS)分析乙醛δ13C值,并与ρ(乙醛)进行分析. 结果显示:①在发动机燃烧过程中,乙醛的生成和消除反应同时存在. 在发动机低负荷运行时,乙醛的δ13C分馏值为负(-1.4‰~-0.4‰),表明生成反应占主导;而在高负荷运行时,分馏值为正(0.5‰~1.3‰),表明消除反应占主导. ②乙醛的δ13C值与其质量浓度无明显相关性,主要受发动机燃烧温度和尾气净化装置的影响. 整车尾气中乙醛的δ13C值在-29.1‰～-24.4‰之间,平均值为-26.5‰±1.6‰. 其中,汽油车为-25.9‰~-24.4‰,平均值为-24.9‰±0.5‰;柴油车为-29.1‰~-27.0‰,平均值为-28.0‰±0.6‰. ③南方机动车尾气排放源与植物排放源中的乙醛的δ13C值范围不同,表明δ13C值可用于大气乙醛的源解析. 通过机动车尾气中c(乙醛)/c(CO₂)估算广州汽油车和轻型柴油车乙醛的排放因子,二者分别为(13±16)和(169±106)mg/L.      

Nitrogen pollution and source identification of urban ecosystem surface water in Beijing

Nitrogen contamination of surface water is a worldwide environmental problem with intensive agricul- ture and high population densities. We assessed the spatial and seasonal variation in concentrations of total nitrogen and different nitrogen species present in surface-water in Beijing, China. Also, chemical （NO3-N/C1-） and isotopic （615Nnitrate） indicators were used to identify nitrate sources. The results showed that, during 2009 and 2010, nitrate nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 7.6 mg· L^-1, ammonium nitrogen from 0. I to 3.4 mg· L^-1, and total nitrogen from 2.4 to 17.0mg· L^-1. Inorganic nitrogen accounted for between 60 and 100% of total nitrogen at the ten monitoring sites. Nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and total nitrogen concentrations at the 2 downstream monitoring sites in south-eastern Beijing were significantly higher than those at the other eight upstream monitoring sites （P 〈 0.01）. Examination of seasonal variation showed that there was a significant inverse relationship between nitrate nitrogen concentrations and precipitation, and that nitrate nitrogen concentrations peaked in the dry seasons. The information given by the 15Nnitrate values and nitrate nitrogen concentrations, combined with the NO3-N/C1- ratio distribution, showed that domestic sewage was the major source of nitrate in Beijing. Methods to control and reduce sewage pollution are urgently needed to help manage surface water quality in Beijing.     

营养条件对微藻碳、氮稳定同位素组成的影响

以5种微藻(甲藻3种,硅藻、绿藻各1种)为试验材料,探讨了不同营养条件对微藻不同生长阶段碳氮稳定同位素组成的影响.结果表明,不同纲微藻的d13C值和d15N值在稳定生长期高于指数生长期,且与生长速率没有相关性(P>0.05).硅藻的d13C值低于甲藻和绿藻,绿藻和甲藻的d13C值比较相近;甲藻的d15N值低于硅藻和绿藻,绿藻和硅藻的d15N值比较相近,且同属甲藻纲的海洋原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和强壮前沟藻的d15N值有较大的差异. 5种微藻在不同营养条件(营养盐充足、缺氮、缺磷)下培养,氮限制和磷限制导致微藻具有更正的d13C和d15N,磷限制的影响不明显,且弱于氮抑制.     

Stable C and N isotope analysis elucidated the importance of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass bed of Santiago Island,Northwestern Philippines

The role of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass ecosystem was investigated in milkfish farms pollution-impacted and -unimpacted seagrass beds in Santiago Island coral reefs, Northwestern Philippines. The aim was to compare between the two sites: (1) abiotic factors and zooplankton community parameters, and (2) the trophic structure using C and N stable isotopes. Low water (98–119?mV) and sediment (–121 to ?138?mV) Oxidation Reduction Potential values indicated a reducing environment in the impacted site. Zooplankton in the impacted site showed the typical community response to eutrophication (low diversity, but high total abundance due to the dominance of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona oculata), generally few elevated δ¹⁵N values, but a significant shift towards depleted ¹³C due to the organic enrichment of fish-farm feeds. Apart from suggesting a highly complex food web with POM and zooplankton as main food sources in the unimpacted site, the Bayesian mixing model simulation generated reduced complexity in feeding interactions between basal sources, zooplankton, and fish including adults of a key fish species, Siganus fuscescens, in the impacted sites. In this study, C and N stable isotope analysis has clarified the importance of zooplankton as fish prey in a seagrass bed food web.     

Predicting Sustainable Ground Water to Constructed Riparian Wetlands: Shaker Trace,Ohio, USA

Water isotopy is introduced as a tool to design, locate, and select storm water best management practices for the prediction of sustained ground water inflows to prospective constructed wetlands. A primer and application of the stable isotopes, ¹⁸O and ²H, are discussed for riparian wetland restoration areas among an agricultural landscape in southwestern Ohio. Conventional piezometric measurements were ambiguous in identifying groundwater mounding across a transect which includes numerous agricultural tile drains. Instead evaporative potential data represented by δ¹⁸O values indicated a well delineated zone for prospective constructed wetlands. All successful constructed wetland areas thus far at Shaker Trace are represented by ground water with depleted δ¹⁸O values below −9.0‰ VSMOW. Such areas of sustainable ground water inflow could either be due to perched units at depth or simply the result of an increased flow gradient.