A 60-year sedimentary record of natural and anthropogenic impacts on Lake Chenghai, China

Recent sediments from Lake Chenghai, China, were investigated at high temporal resolution to trace both natural and anthropogenic effects on the lake using total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (P_o), inorganic phosphorus (P_i) and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N) in a ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment core. The results indicated that the sedimentary record covers the last 60 years, during which the lake had undergone apparent changes in nutrient sources and productivity in response to nutrient loading. Prior to the late 1980s, the nutrient contents in sediments mainly originated from algae and lake productivity was relatively stable. Since the late 1980s, increasing TOC, TN and TP concentrations together with the change of δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N suggested anthropogenic perturbations in nutrient loading and lake productivity. Endogenic nutrients derived from algae and anthropogenic inputs were two important sources of sedimentary nutrients. The anthropogenic nutrients mainly originated from the discharge of industrial wastewater and artificial cultivation of Spirulina after the middle 1980s, and domestic wastewater discharged from Yongsheng County since 1993.     

石羊河流域降水稳定同位素变化的区域差异

为了了解干旱内陆河流域降水稳定同位素变化过程及其影响因素,基于石羊河流域荒漠区、绿洲区和山区8个站点2013年7月至2014年7月,497个降水样品氢氧稳定同位素数据及相应气象数据,研究了石羊河流域降水稳定同位素的时空变化、环境效应以及降水水汽来源.结果显示：石羊河流域局地大气水线斜率和截距表现出夏低冬高的变化趋势;降水稳定同位素表现出夏高冬低的变化趋势,从荒漠区、绿洲区到山区,稳定同位素值随海拔升高而降低,海拔效应为-0.22‰/100m,这是温度效应的另一种体现;流域降水稳定同位素表现出显著的温度效应,温度效应为0.43‰/℃,在天气尺度下受季风水汽和降水淋洗过程的影响表现出降水量效应;流域降水来源主要受西风水汽控制,夏季也会会受到季风水汽影响,冬季也受到极地气团影响.     

兰州市两场典型降水事件稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源

为了加深对短时间尺度下降水同位素变化规律的认识,利用兰州市2019年夏季典型的长历时弱降水(6月26～27日)和短时强降水(7月28日)事件短时间尺度(10 min和30 min)的连续样品,结合HYSPLIT模型对降水氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征及其机制进行分析.结果表明,降水初始阶段,二次蒸发效应使事件内连续降水的大气水线(SMWL)斜率偏小.连续样点大都分布在GMWL和LMWL上方,且SMWL的截距都大于局地年平均过量氘(8.13),说明降水一定程度上经历了水汽再循环. 6月26～27日连续2 d的降水事件,第1 d的δ~(18)O呈"L"型变化,第2 d呈波动变化,δ~(18)O不遵循降雨量效应. 7月28日,δ~(18)O呈平稳下降趋势,变化范围超过9‰. 6月26日, 500 m高度层水汽输送路径整体较短, 27日以局地水汽蒸发为主. 7月28日降水的水汽来源变化不明显,气团较单一,同位素值无明显波动.因此,对于短时间尺度下的单次降水事件,水汽来源的异同也是降水期间同位素变化的原因之一.     

西双版纳思茅松（Pinus kesiya）年轮宽度和早晚材稳定氧同位素对气候因子的响应

由于热带地区大部分树木缺乏清晰的年轮,因此树木年轮的研究相对较为薄弱。树轮稳定同位素较树轮宽度能更好地记录环境变化的信息,特别是研究年内稳定同位素可以提供气候变化的季节动态信息。本研究以西双版纳地区的思茅松（Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon）为研究材料,建立了1985—2018年的思茅松年轮宽度、早材和晚材稳定氧同位素（ δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW）年表,分析了树轮宽度、 δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW年表与温度、降水和标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）等气候要素的相关关系,并研究了思茅松 δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW记录的降水、SPEI变化以及与大尺度季风环流的关系。结果表明：西双版纳地区思茅松树轮 δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW的均值接近,并且均呈下降趋势,这种下降趋势可能与西双版纳地区的雾日减少有关。树轮宽度对气候因子响应不敏感,仅与上一年7月的温度呈显著负相关关系,与上一年7月降水呈显著正相关关系。 δ¹⁸O_EW主要记录了生长季早期（4月和5月）的降水和SPEI信号,而 δ¹⁸O_LW主要记录了生长季末期（8月）的降水和SPEI信号。 δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW分别能很好地代表区域5月和8月的干湿变化。树轮 δ¹⁸O也受到了ENSO的影响,其中树轮 δ¹⁸O_EW与3—12月厄尔尼诺呈显著正相关关系,树轮 δ¹⁸O_LW与9—12月厄尔尼诺呈显著正相关关系（p＜0.05）。该研究表明西双版纳地区的思茅松树轮早晚材 δ¹⁸O具有重建区域干湿变化的潜力。     

华北低平原区降水与坑塘蓄水响应关系研究——以河北省南皮县为例

华北低平原区淡水资源短缺,坑塘水等非常规水资源的开发利用日益重要。明确坑塘蓄水在不同降水年型下作为灌溉水源的保障能力,研究该区域降水与地表坑塘蓄水的响应关系,对于农业多水源联合利用具有重要意义。论文以华北低平原区河北省南皮县为研究区,通过Cl^-和稳定同位素平衡法,计算了南皮县雨季降水对坑塘水的补给份额,并基于2013—2015年间的3期Landsat TM遥感数据,采用改进的归一化差异水体指数提取坑塘信息,分析不同降水年型下南皮县坑塘的蓄水能力及灌溉潜力。结果表明：坑塘蓄水除了接受地下水的补给,主要接受降水的补给,丰水年雨季降水对微小型、中小型坑塘的补给比例约占74.3%~86.0%,对大型坑塘的补给比例不足30%;坑塘主要以小于0.5 hm²的微小型坑塘为主,不同面积等级的坑塘数量及蓄水面积与降水的变化是一致的;其中,平水年、枯水年和丰水年坑塘蓄水量分别为1.49×10⁷、0.84×10⁷、1.90×10⁷ m³,随年降水量增大而增多。研究结果可为区域坑塘水资源的合理开发利用提供理论基础。     

N2O产生机制的同位素方法研究进展

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,是由多种微生物的硝化与反硝化作用产生,但是它产生的生物地球化学机制还不十分清楚。本文结合N₂O产生的微生物过程,阐述了国内外利用同位素标记法、N₂O的δ¹⁵N和δ¹⁸O双同位素法、N₂O的δ¹⁵N^α（¹⁴N¹⁵N¹⁶O）和δ¹⁵N^β（¹⁵N¹⁴N¹⁶O）、SP值同位素异构体法以及多种同位素法相结合研究N₂O的产生机制及微生物过程,比较了这些方法的优缺点,尤其重点阐述了近些年来兴起的N₂O同位素异构体计算各过程贡献比例及其判别源与汇的理论及其应用。¹⁵N同位素富集因子法和SP值法也分别应用于产生N₂O的微生物群落结构、数量和活性变化的研究,以从根本上达到控制N₂O排放量的目的。同时指出同位素方法研究N₂O产生机制的困难和不足。     

Evolutionarily stable strategies of age-dependent sexual advertisement

In various models of sexual selection mediated by the viability indicator (“good genes”) mechanism, a sexually selected trait will truly reflect male quality if its expression is costly for the male. However, in long-lived species, the expression of a trait often increases with age while the genotype of the male remains unchanged. This fact may obscure the indicator mechanism. Hitherto, game theory models of honesty in sexual advertisement have not taken life-history effects into account, whereas life-history models of reproductive effort have only seldom considered the dependence of mating success on the actions of other individuals. Here, the two approaches are combined, and I examine whether honesty is maintained if males can divide their advertisement effort over their lifetime. The model shows that an increase in the expression of the sexually selected trait over several years is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) under a wide range of situations, so that a correlated preference for old age can emerge through a viability indicator mechanism. Honesty in the strict sense is not preserved: an optimally behaving low-quality male will in some cases advertise more than a high-quality male of equal age, to the extent that the strongest advertisement found in the population can be associated with a low-quality male. Due to life-history trade-offs, however, honesty in an average sense holds true over the lifetime of individuals: “cheater” age classes will remain small enough, that a female will obtain a higher expected mate quality if she trusts in the trait as an indicator of viability. Received: 25 June 1996 / Accepted after revision: 15 April 1997     

地幔流体的稳定同位素地球化学综述

总结了 2 0年来国内外学者对地幔流体研究的成果和认识。主要包括地幔流体的性质和组成 ;地幔流体中同位素的含量、组成和赋存形式 ;同位素分馏和地幔脱气等作用对地幔组分的影响等。在不同地区和不同构造环境条件的地幔流体中 ,各种组分含量和同位素组成变化可以很大 ,从一个侧面指示地幔组分的不均一性 ,反映了不同地幔物质的形成历程不同或来自不同的地幔源区。此外 ,还讨论了目前存在的几个疑点     

A carbon-13 method for evaluating degradation of starch-based polymers

A new method for evaluating biodegradability of starch-based and certain other polymer blends uses the pre- and postexposure stable carbon isotope composition of material coupled with weight loss data to determine which components have degraded. The naturally occurring stable isotope of carbon.¹³C, is enriched in corn starch (¹³C, approx. –11) compared to petroleum-derived synthetic polymers (¹³C, approx. –32). Results on starch-synthetic polymer blends indicate that the ¹³C signatures of these blends are near-linear mixtures of their component ¹³C. Values of a ¹³C for starch-synthetic polymer blends exposed to biologically active laboratory soil and artificial seawater conditions are depleted in¹³C compared to unexposed samples, suggesting loss of the starch component. Combined with weight loss data for the exposed samples, the ¹³C values are statistically consistent with models requiring loss of the soluble component glycerin, followed by loss of starch, then petrochemical polymer, or simultaneous loss of starch and petrochemical polymer. Replicate ¹³C analyses of starch-synthetic polymer blends increase the statistical power of this relatively inexpensive, accessible technique to discriminate between degrading components.     

UNITANK工艺应对高浓度废水冲击操作的可行性研究

高浓度难降解有机废水对已经适应了城市污水处理的生化处理系统造成了巨大的冲击,严重影响了生化系统的处理效果,以及正常的生产操作,同时生化系统受冲击后的恢复显得异常缓慢、延续的时间也较长.针对生产的操作,论述了应对措施和生产操作的调整,保持稳定的污泥浓度和活性,避免系统中生物毒素的积累;日常规范运营管理,稳定微生物的生长环境和生物种群结构,积极应对,保证系统处理运营效果、COD减排量、以及系统的稳定运营.