四川西北部漳腊盆地地下水化学特征研究

在大量的实测资科和参考资料的基础上,运用地球水化学分析、地质构造理论和同位素方法,探讨了该地区地下水化学组分的特征以及矿化度与各组分含量之间的相互关系,并对其水化学特征的形成机理进行了深入分析,认为该地区地下水有深部构造水和浅层地下水两种类型,这种组成特点与区内地质构造存在必然联系;地下水同位素等分析显示,该地区地下水的补给主要为现代大气降水及雪山融水,浅层水为就地补给,深部构造水为高山远距离运移补给;地下水化学组分的成因主要是溶滤作用和蒸发作用。     

安徽铜陵鸡冠石银(金)矿床地质地球化学特征

鸡冠石银 (金 )矿床是铜陵地区一个具中型规模的银 (金 )矿床 ,在整个长江中、下游地区都有其代表性。矿床分四个主要成矿阶段 :夕卡岩阶段、氧化物 -硫化物阶段、石英 -硫化物阶段和石英多金属硫化物-碳酸盐阶段。对矿床的微量元素分析结果表明 ,独立的银、金矿物和含Au、Ag低的硫化物、含Ag硫盐矿物 ,主要形成于热液成矿期中晚阶段 ;矿床的轻、重稀土元素总浓度比值与辉石二长闪长岩相近 ,反映出二者的同源特征 ;稳定同位素和流体包裹体成分分析结果 ,反映出该矿床以岩浆热液为主的成因标志 ;成矿热液以岩浆水为主 ,但在成矿晚期有大气降水和地层成分加入 ;成矿流体为NaCl-KCl -H2 O体系 ;矿床成因属夕卡岩 -中低温热液充填 -交代型矿床     

The lead content and isotopic composition of british coals and their implications for past and present releases of lead to the UK environment

More than 60 coal samples, predominantly from the principal coalfields of England and Wales (25) and Scotland (30), were analysed for lead by AAS and for stable lead isotopes by ICPMS. While the average lead content of Scottish coal, 23.9mg kg^–1, was more than double that of coal from England and Wales, 11.0mg kg^–1, the corresponding mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios (± 1 s.d.) were nearly identical, at 1.181±0.011 and 1.184±0.006, respectively. In the light of the lead isotopic signatures of British coals and of both indigenous (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb 1.17) and imported Australian (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb 1.04) lead ores, an approach based on estimated lead emissions from these sources and the deconvolution of the historical lead and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb records preserved in lake sediments, peat bogs and archival herbage material indicates that coal combustion became an increasingly significant contributor to atmospheric lead deposition in the UK during the period 1830–1930, especially after the onset of Englands decline as a major location of lead mining and smelting in the late19th Century. Since 1930 and the introduction of leaded petrol, the atmospheric ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio in the UK has been strongly influenced by carexhaust emissions of comparatively ²⁰⁶Pbdepleted lead of predominantly Australian origin, counterbalanced to some extent by coalcombustion emissions of lead, although these have fallen dramatically since the mid1950s. Nevertheless, with the introduction and substantial uptake of unleaded petrol in the UK during the last decade, even the declining releases from coal, along with contributions from other sources, are continuing to affect the atmospheric lead content and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio.     

DESIGN FOR A STABLE CHANNEL IN COARSE ALLUVIUM FOR RIPARIAN ZONE RESTORATION1

Geomorphic, hydraulic and hydrologic principles are applied in the design of a stable stream channel for a badly disturbed portion of Badger Creek, Colorado, and its associated riparian and meadow complexes. The objective is to shorten the period of time required for a channel in coarse alluvium to recover from an impacted morphologic state to a regime condition representative of current watershed conditions. Channel geometry measurements describe the stream channel and the normal bankfull stage in relatively stable reaches. Critical shear stress equations were used to design a stable channel in noncohesive materials with dimensions which approximate those of less disturbed reaches. Gabion controls, spaced at approximately 300 m intervals, are recommended to help reduce the chance of lateral migration of the newly constructed channel. Controls are designed to allow for some vertical adjustment of the channel bed following increased bank stability due to revegetation. The flood plain is designed to dissipate flood flow energy and discourage multiple flood channels. The channel has approximately a 90 percent chance of remaining stable the first two years following construction, the time estimated for increased stability to occur due to revegetation.     

杭州市静稳天气指数构建及应用研究

采用杭州市近7年的气象与环保监测资料,综合考虑2 m相对湿度、10 m水平风速、日均海平面气压、24 h变压、24 h变温、低层逆温等气象因子,通过历史样本统计划分阈值范围再权重求和的方法,构建了静稳天气指数（SWI）.经过实况回算检验,分析所建指数与污染天气的对应关系,并应用到重污染天气成因分析、空气质量预报和污染减排评估等方面.结果表明：①SWI可以综合反映大气静稳程度,与PM_2.5浓度有较好对应关系,SWI越大越容易出现污染天气,SWI大值最易出现在冬季,其次为秋季和春季,夏季主要污染物往往是臭氧,不易发生中度以上的污染天气.②SWI可用于判断杭州秋冬季重度及以上污染天气的成因,平均而言SWI<6.7时不易出现重度及以上污染;若SWI<6.7时仍出现重污染天气,可判断主导风向上游的外来污染物输入是引起重污染的主要原因,根据前期SWI的相对大小可判断有无叠加前期本地污染物积累;若SWI持续大于6.7且出现重度及以上污染天气,可判断由大气静稳而产生的本地污染物堆积是主要成因.③依据预报数据计算的SWI对空气质量分级预报有较好的参考价值,在短期和中期预报时效内均有表现力.④将SWI应用到G20会议期间污染减排效果评估中发现,在气象条件静稳程度相当时,减排措施有效降低了污染程度.     

袋式除尘实现燃煤电厂锅炉烟尘“恒稳低排”的思考

针对燃煤电厂锅炉烟气实现低排放的目标,阐述了燃煤电厂采用袋式除尘的有效性和趋势性;通过几个典型工程案例的对比分析,阐明了燃煤电厂袋式除尘的先进性、可靠性及其实现"恒稳低排"的可行性,并就采用袋式除尘实现燃煤锅炉烟尘"恒稳低排"的技术措施提出了一些思考和建议。     

FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY FOR NATURAL STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN1

A fluvial geomorphological methodology for designing natural stable channels is being widely applied for river restoration. It is an analogue procedure, as the W/d ratio and sinuosity from a reference reach are scaled to determine the restoration design. The choice of reference reach is crucial and published criteria specify that it should be stable, correspond to the stream type at the restoration site, have the same valley type, and be from the same hydrophysiographic region. For stable, meandering gravel cobble bed rivers flowing through alluvial flood plains (C3 and C4 stream types), UK regime equations are used to evaluate the procedure. Successful design requires particular combinations of the ratios of bankfull discharge, bed material size and load, valley slope, and bank vegetation category between the reference and restoration sites. These critical ratios, which are confirmed by U.S. field data, provide guidelines for selecting a suitable reference reach for C3‐C4 stream types. They also indicate that the reference reach can be in any valley type or hydrophysiographic region. The geomorphological procedure will apply to all stable stream types, provided the reference reach is correctly identified. Specific guidelines for each stream type await the development of additional regime equations.     

磷石膏改善苏打碱土理化性质效果分析

分析了磷石膏对苏打碱土团聚体稳定性、饱和导水率和盐分淋洗效果的影响.结果表明:水稳定大团聚体质量分数和饱和导水率均随磷石膏施用量的逐渐增加而不断提高,磷石膏施用量达到100%GR时,水稳性大团聚体质量分数从对照的0.03%增加到33.31%,饱和导水率从对照的0.13 mm·d~(-1)提高到3.14 mm·d~(-1);出流液电导率和pH均随磷石膏施用量的增加而降低,磷石膏施用量达到100%GR时,出流液电导率和pH分别从对照的8.85 mS·cm~(-1)和10.26降低到3.46mS·cm~(-1)和9.83.因此,磷石膏对苏打碱土理化性质的改良效果十分显著.     

聚丙烯酰胺对沙土改土保肥的作用

采用在实验室培养和用淋洗管模拟田间淋洗的方法研究聚丙烯酰胺对沙土水稳性团粒结构改良作用,对氮、磷、钾养分保肥的作用以及其合理施用量.实验过程是对加入相同量肥料的沙土湿润培养1周后,再分别加入相同体积不同质量分数聚丙烯酰胺溶液继续培养3d,分别测定水稳性团粒,采用淋洗管法测定养分淋湿量.结果表明:聚丙烯酰胺用量小于2.00g.kg-1土时,土壤中大于0.25 mm的水稳性团粒含量随聚丙烯酰胺用量提高而提高,用量再增加对继续提高水稳性团粒没有显著作用;聚丙烯酰胺施用量小于0.2 g·kg-1土时,对减少氮、磷、钾养分淋失没有显著效果,当用量在0.2～1.5 g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高土壤淋洗液中氮、磷、钾淋出量显著降低,但是用量>1.5g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高淋洗液养分含量没有显著差异.结论:聚丙烯酰胺对改善沙土水稳性团粒结构和保肥具有显著作用,明确了聚丙烯酰胺作为沙土改良剂合理用量为1.5-2.00 g·kg-1土.     

Nitrate Concentrations in Springs Flowing into the Lower Flint River Basin,Georgia U.S.A.1

Allums, Stephanie E., Stephen P. Opsahl, Stephen W. Golladay, David W. Hicks, and L. Mike Conner, 2012. Nitrate Concentrations in Springs Flowing Into the Lower Flint River Basin, Georgia U.S.A. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 423-438. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00624.x Abstract: Analysis of long-term data from (2001-2009) in four springs that discharge from the Upper Floridan aquifer into the Flint River (southwestern Georgia, United States) indicate aquifer and surface-water susceptibility to nutrient loading. Nitrate-N concentrations ranged from 1.74 to 3.30 mg/l, and exceeded historical levels reported for the Upper Floridan aquifer (0.26-1.52 mg/l). Statistical analyses suggest increasing nitrate-N concentration in groundwater discharging at the springs (n = 146 over eight years) and that nitrate-N concentration is influenced by a dynamic interaction between depth to groundwater (an indicator of regional hydrologic conditions) and land use. A one-time synoptic survey of 10 springs (6 springs in addition to the 4 previously mentioned) using stable isotopes generated δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ values (4.8-8.4‰ for rural springs and 7.7-13.4‰ for developed/urban springs) suggesting mixed sources (i.e., fertilizer, animal waste, and soil organic nitrogen) of nitrate-N to rural springs and predominantly animal/human waste to urban springs. These analyses indicate a direct relation between nitrate-N loading since the 1940s and intensification of agricultural and urban land use. This study demonstrates the importance of evaluating long-term impacts of land use on water quality in groundwater springs and in determining how rapidly these changes occur.