Gas stable isotopic ratio mass spectrometry for measuring δ^13C and δ^18O in background atmospheric CO2

将商用MAT253稳定同位素比质谱仪、Airtrap高效预浓缩气体捕集阱与自加工16口自动进样器集成,建立了高精度气体稳定同位素比质谱分析系统,用于程序化自动分析本底大气CO2的δ^13C和δ^18O．气样分析时用工作标气定量并穿插目标气测定,还定期用实验室上一级标气对工作标气和参比气进行标校,以保证分析结果的可靠和可比．结果表明,利用不同稳定同位素比范围的标气重复进样测试,发现该系统对δ^13C和δ^18O的分析精度分别优于0．03‰和0．06‰,能基本满足本底大气CO2的碳氧稳定同位素比分析需求和WMO／GAW质量目标．     

伊乐藻和氮循环菌技术对太湖氮素吸收和反硝化的影响

从太湖梅梁湾采集无扰动泥芯样,分别添加固定化氮循环细菌、水生植物伊乐藻建立室内微宇宙,模拟生态修复,探讨不同修复处理下,硝氮的去除机制.采用15N标记结合同位素配对技术测定了各生态模拟柱中的反硝化速率和植物吸收速率.结果表明,不同处理的实验柱反硝化速率差异明显,同时添加了水生植物和固定化氮循环细菌的实验柱反硝化速率最高,为99.35μmol·(m2·h)-1,植物氮吸收速率为36.55μg·(m2·h)-1.沉水植物伊乐藻在自身吸收氮素的同时也提高了耦合硝化反硝化的作用.与植物吸收相比,反硝化过程是主要的氮去除途径.沉水植物与固定化氮循环菌组合生态修复技术促进了湖泊水体氮素的脱除,起到了净化作用.     

石林地区典型土壤剖面有机碳、氮含量分布特征研究

本文对石林地区草地（SL1）、园地（SL2）、林地（DP）、荒地（XNC）和居民地（QST）土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）含量以及有机质稳定碳、氮同位素（δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N）进行了剖面研究。结果显示：（1）在0~10 cm土层,SOC含量呈QST（29.25 g/kg） > SL1（21.53 g/kg） > SL2（21.18 g/kg） > XNC（9.42 g/kg） > DP（9.19 g/kg）;随着剖面深度增加,SOC含量在SL2、DP、XNC和QST均呈现逐渐减小后趋于稳定的变化,在SL1呈锯齿形下降趋势。所有土壤剖面C/N值均随土壤深度增加而减少。（2）有机质δ¹³C随剖面深度的增加,在SL1、SL2和XNC均呈先增加后减小最后趋于稳定的变化,在DP呈先减小后增加,并到一定深度后呈"S"形波动,而在QST表现出增加趋势。（3）所有剖面土壤δ¹⁵N呈不规则波动变化。综上所述,在石林地区不同土地利用类型下土壤pH、植被类型和人为扰动引起的有机质来源与分解状况的差异,是影响SOC、TN含量和δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N变化的重要因素。     

调水调沙对黄河下游颗粒有机碳输运的影响

流域内各种自然过程及人为活动对河流有机碳的输运都会产生影响,而正确认识河流有机碳的输运过程是全球碳循环研究的重要方面.于2012年调水调沙期间(6月19日至7月20日)在黄河利津采集了表层悬浮颗粒物,进行了粒度组成、颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)及其稳定同位素丰度(δ13C)等参数的分析,用来研究调水调沙期间POC的来源、组成和丰度的变化规律与影响因素.结果表明,2012年黄河调水调沙可以根据径流量和输沙量的变化分为排水和排沙两个阶段,这两个阶段黄河水沙及POC和δ13C的变化,体现了调水调沙对颗粒物及其赋存有机碳来源的影响.排水阶段径流量高达4 270 m3·s-1,下游河道被冲刷,使底层泥沙再悬浮,因此这一阶段颗粒物粒径较粗(平均中值粒径13.9μm),有机碳含量较低(平均0.38%),δ13C偏正且稳定(-24.2‰±0.3‰),可能与底层泥沙中POC年龄较老、降解程度高有关;排沙阶段含沙量大(可达17.8 kg·m-3),颗粒物较细(平均中值粒径5.9μm),有机碳含量较高(平均0.50%),δ13C偏负且波动较大(-24.8‰±0.6‰),这与颗粒物主要来自上游水库和下游暴雨冲刷河岸,POC相对新鲜有关.2012年调水调沙期间POC日通量与输沙量的变化一致,总输送量约为1.13×105t,占全年POC输送量的12%.与往年相比,2012年黄河调水调沙时期径流量增大,但输沙量和POC通量有所减小.由此可见,调水调沙对黄河颗粒有机碳的输运有重要影响,而颗粒有机碳在调水调沙期间不同阶段也有明显不同的来源、组成和输运模式.     

汾河流域浅层地下水水化学和氢氧稳定同位素特征及其指示意义

汾河流域是黄河的第二大支流,本文利用Piper三线图、Gibbs模型、主成分分析法、相关矩阵和正向演替模型等方法,分析了汾河流域浅层地下水的水化学和氢氧稳定同位素分布特征及其控制因素,揭示了流域水循环及水质演化过程.结果表明,汾河流域地下水属弱碱性和微硬水;优势阴阳离子分别为HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺;地下水水化学类型以Mg-Ca-HCO₃和Mg-Ca-Cl-SO₄为主,水质整体较好,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水占比超94%.地下水δD和δ¹⁸O平均值分别为-70.2‰和-9.6‰,与7~9月降水同位素值相似,指示地下水可能主要来源于该时期的降水,并发现地下水补给方式（优势流和活塞流）存在一定的空间变化.岩石风化是地下水溶质的主要来源（87%）,而大气输入和人类活动相对较小,分别占8%和5%.在岩石风化中,硅酸盐岩、蒸发盐岩和碳酸盐岩对地下水溶质的贡献相当,分别占32%、28%和26%.本研究结果可为促进可持续开发利用汾河流域地下水资源提供依据.     

基于RBF神经网络的油气悬架平顺性研究

目的 提高整车的行驶性能,使车辆可以自主调节,以适应各种不同的路面,从而达到良好的缓冲效果。方法 以双气室油气弹簧为研究对象,对其组成和工作原理进行详细分析,推导出油气弹簧的阻尼力和刚度等非线性特性与车身位移的关系。根据RBF神经网络控制原理,设计RBF-PID控制器,依靠神经网络自学习性对PID参数动态整定,使整个车身振动衰减,快速达到稳定状态,并基于Matlab/Simulink平台建立仿真模型,在B级和C级不平路面输入的情况下,重点对轮胎动载荷、车身质心加速度以及油气悬挂动挠度等3项性能进行仿真和分析。结果 同普通PID控制相比,RBF-PID控制下,车身3项性能的RMS分别降低26%、54%、0.1%。结论 RBF-PID控制能够克服环境影响,实现油气弹簧特性的可靠控制,提高了车辆行驶的平顺性以及稳定性。     

Local mate competition and precise sex ratios in Telenomus fariai (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a parasitoid of triatomine eggs

Telenomus fariai is a gregarious endoparasitoid of the eggs of several species of Triatominae (Hemiptera) with a high degree of sibmating: males fertilize their sisters inside the host egg before emergence or emerge first and copulate with their sisters as these emerge. Our results show that, when laying alone, T. fariai behaves adaptively, minimizing offspring mortality and conforming to the prediction of local mate competition (LMC) theory by laying a single male, which is sufficient to fertilize all the sisters. When more than one wasp was placed with one host, sex ratios still conformed to LMC predictions but, despite the decreasing number of eggs laid per wasp, clutch size could not be completely adjusted to avoid mortality. This is not surprising, as superparasitism is rare in the field. Offspring production was independent of the contacts between conspecifics but was affected by the number of mothers laying on a single host egg. The sex of the progeny was precisely determined: a female produced one male per clutch when laying on both unparasitized or previously parasitized hosts. On the other hand, a mother produced less daughters when superparasitizing. Under crowded conditions, the number of eggs laid per female wasp and per host decreased as the number of mothers increased. Developmental mortality also increased with the number of T. fariai eggs per host, determining a maximum of approximately 14 emerged adults. Host resources per individual affected male and female adult size with similar intensity, and male adult mortality was slightly higher than that for females. These results, and previous findings, suggest that T. fariai attains Hamiltonian sex ratios by laying one male and a variable number of females, and that the detection of chemical marks left by conspecifics provides information on the number of foundresses sharing a patch. Received: 4 February 2000 / Received in revised form: 19 April 2000 / Accepted: 20 May 2000     

稳定表流湿地中污泥的形成及除污效果

探讨了温度、植物及不同湿地流态对稳定表流人工湿地中污泥的形成和组成的影响,并考察了湿地在污泥形成过程中的除污效果。结果表明,温度对VSS的影响较大,植物在污泥形成过程中对污泥量没有明显影响,但可以改变污泥组成,湿地流态对污泥形成和组成均有影响,湿地中污泥的含量为0.4～0.6 g/L;种植有风车草的推流挡板湿地(池5)总体效果相对较好;各稳定表流湿地出水水质基本达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)二级标准,污泥形成后TN和NH3-N的去除率均有提高。     

Modeling soil and plant phosphorus within DSSAT

The crop models in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) have served worldwide as a research tool for improving predictions of relationships between soil and plant nitrogen (N) and crop yield. However, without a phosphorus (P) simulation option, the applicability of the DSSAT crop models in P-deficient environments is limited. In this study, a soil-plant P model integrated to DSSAT was described, and results showing the ability of the model to mimic wide differences in maize responses to P in Ghana are presented as preliminary attempts to testing the model on highly weathered soils. The model simulates P transformations between soil inorganic labile, active and stable pools and soil organic microbial and stable pools. Plant growth is limited by P between two concentration thresholds that are species-specific optimum and minimum concentrations of P defined at different stages of plant growth. Phosphorus stress factors are computed to reduce photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and dry matter partitioning. Testing on two highly weathered soils from Ghana over a wide range of N and P fertilizer application rates indicated that the P model achieved good predictability skill at one site (Kpeve) with a final grain yield root mean squared error (RMSE) of 535 kg ha⁻¹and a final biomass RMSE of 507 kg ha⁻¹. At the other site (Wa), the RMSE was 474 kg ha⁻¹ for final grain yield and 1675 kg ha⁻¹ for final biomass. A local sensitivity analysis indicated that under P-limiting conditions and no P fertilizer application, crop biomass, grain yield, and P uptake could be increased by over 0.10% due to organic P mineralization resulting from a 1% increase in organic carbon. It was also shown that the modeling philosophy that makes P in a root-free zone unavailable to plants resulted in a better agreement of simulated crop biomass and grain yield with field measurements. Because the complex soil P chemistry makes the availability of P to plants extremely variable, testing under a wider range of agro-ecological conditions is needed to complement the initial evaluation presented here, and extend the use of the DSSAT-P model to other P-deficient environments.     

Estimating the critical phosphorus loading of shallow lakes with the ecosystem model PCLake: Sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty

There is a vast body of knowledge that eutrophication of lakes may cause algal blooms. Among lakes, shallow lakes are peculiar systems in that they typically can be in one of two contrasting (equilibrium) states that are self-stabilizing: a ‘clear’ state with submerged macrophytes or a ‘turbid’ state dominated by phytoplankton. Eutrophication may cause a switch from the clear to the turbid state, if the P loading exceeds a critical value. The ecological processes governing this switch are covered by the ecosystem model PCLake, a dynamic model of nutrient cycling and the biota in shallow lakes. Here we present an extensive analysis of the model, using a three-step procedure. (1) A sensitivity analysis revealed the key parameters for the model output. (2) These parameters were calibrated on the combined data on total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, macrophytes cover and Secchi depth in over 40 lakes. This was done by a Bayesian procedure, giving a weight to each parameter setting based on its likelihood. (3) These weights were used for an uncertainty analysis, applied to the switchpoints (critical phosphorus loading levels) calculated by the model. The model was most sensitive to changes in water depth, P and N loading, retention time and lake size as external input factors, and to zooplankton growth rate, settling rates and maximum growth rates of phytoplankton and macrophytes as process parameters. The results for the ‘best run’ showed an acceptable agreement between model and data and classified nearly all lakes to which the model was applied correctly as either ‘clear’ (macrophyte-dominated) or ‘turbid’ (phytoplankton-dominated). The critical loading levels for a standard lake showed about a factor two uncertainty due to the variation in the posterior parameter distribution. This study calculates in one coherent analysis uncertainties in critical phosphorus loading, a parameter that is of great importance to water quality managers.