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81.
Clearing the air: The costs and consequences of higher CAFE standards and increased gasoline taxes 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
Concerns about energy security and climate change have sparked legislators’ interest in reducing gasoline consumption by increasing corporate average fuel-economy (CAFE) standards. Using an empirically rich simulation model and cost estimates for anticipated fuel-economy technologies, we estimate annual costs of reducing long-run gasoline consumption by 10% via a 3.8 miles per gallon increase in the standards, and the potential cost savings from allowing manufacturers to buy and sell fuel-economy credits. Maximum gasoline savings would be realized only after all existing vehicles were replaced, or 14 years in our model. A gasoline tax would produce greater immediate savings by encouraging people to drive less, and eventually to choose more-fuel-efficient vehicles. We demonstrate the advantage of a tax by comparing the cost of the higher CAFE standards over the first 14 years against the cost of a gasoline tax that would save the same amount of gasoline over that time. 相似文献
82.
Richard M. Kashmanian 《环境质量管理》2019,29(2):7-35
Future global megatrends project a population increase of 2 billion people between 2019 and 2050 and at least 1–2 billion people added to the global middle class between 2016 and 2030. In addition, 68% of the world's population is projected to be living in urban areas by 2050. With these projected large population increases and shifts, demand for food, water, and energy is projected to grow by approximately 35, 40, and 50%, respectively, between 2010 and 2030. In addition, between 1970 and 2014 there was an estimated 60% reduction in the number of wildlife in the world and an estimated net loss of 2.9 billion birds, or 29%, in North America between 1970 and 2018. Loss of species populations and number of species is interconnected with reduced health of biodiversity and ecosystems. Human activity has been the main catalyst for these substantial declines primarily through impacts on habitats. These losses are accelerating. Since a company's supply chain environmental impacts are often as great or greater than its own direct environmental impacts, it may be prudent for companies to engage with their supply chains to protect and enhance habitats and biodiversity and protect rare, threatened, and endangered species. As one example, companies may have opportunities and strategic reasons to include requirements in their supplier codes of conduct and supplier standards for suppliers to protect biodiversity and rare, threatened, and endangered species, as well as additional requirements to expand or enhance habitats and ecosystems to increase biodiversity. This article follows one pathway that companies could pursue further and with greater speed—to engage with their supply chains to strengthen supplier codes of conduct to protect biodiversity and rare, threatened, and endangered species. The importance of forests, private land, and landscape partnerships is discussed as means to protect much more of the planet's biodiversity and rare, threatened, and endangered species. Lastly, the article identifies examples of opportunities for companies to more formally incorporate biodiversity into their business, supply chain, and sustainability strategies. 相似文献
83.
84.
针对地方政府、VOL(挥发性有机液体)储库和治理企业进行VOCs(挥发性有机物)治理时面临排放标准选择困惑的现状,根据地方行业性标准>国家行业性标准>地方综合标准>国家综合标准的标准选择顺序,对我国部分地区(北京市、上海市、厦门市、重庆市)现行的相关排放标准进行分析.结果表明:①对于汽油储库,全国均执行GB 20950—2007《储油库大气污染物排放标准》(北京市除外);②对于原油及成品油(汽油除外)储库,各地区优先执行本地区《工业企业挥发性有机物排放控制标准》,其次是本地区《大气污染物综合排放标准》,最后是国家的GB 16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》,北京市、上海市、厦门市和重庆市《大气污染物综合排放标准》中NMHC(非甲烷总烃)最高允许排放质量浓度分别是GB 16297—1996标准限值的42%、58%、83%和100%;③工业企业VOCs排放标准或大气污染物综合排放标准的NHMC最高允许排放质量浓度约为GB 20950—2007标准限值的3‰,因此准确选择排放标准显得尤为重要.研究显示,生态环境部应尽快修订GB 20950—2007,将适用范围扩大为原油及成品油或VOL储库,并适度加严标准限值,推动行业有序发展. 相似文献
85.
Duan Biggs Rosie Cooney Dilys Roe Holly T. Dublin James R. Allan Dan W.S. Challender Diane Skinner 《Conservation biology》2017,31(1):5-12
The escalating illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is one of the most high‐profile conservation challenges today. The crisis has attracted over US$350 million in donor and government funding in recent years, primarily directed at increased enforcement. There is growing recognition among practitioners and policy makers of the need to engage rural communities that neighbor or live with wildlife as key partners in tackling IWT. However, a framework to guide such community engagement is lacking. We developed a theory of change (ToC) to guide policy makers, donors, and practitioners in partnering with communities to combat IWT. We identified 4 pathways for community‐level actions: strengthen disincentives for illegal behavior, increase incentives for wildlife stewardship, decrease costs of living with wildlife, and support livelihoods that are not related to wildlife. To succeed the pathways, all require strengthening of enabling conditions, including capacity building, and of governance. Our ToC serves to guide actions to tackle IWT and to inform the evaluation of policies. Moreover, it can be used to foster dialogue among IWT stakeholders, from local communities to governments and international donors, to develop a more effective, holistic, and sustainable community‐based response to the IWT crisis. 相似文献
86.
Kurt Jung 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(2):108-117
By establishing the internal market, the European Union intended to create an area in which safety and health at work are guaranteed. For this purpose, a series of directives was passed.The EC Directive 89/686/EEC “Approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to personal protective equipment” is of particular interest to the manufacturers of personal protective equipment (PPE). On the European level, harmonized standards, that put these basic health and safety requirements into more concrete terms have to be available. The European Standardizing Committee (CEN) is charged with the elaboration of European standards.A total of 176 standards relating to personal protective equipment have to be setup; 57 of them are available at present. All CEN members are obliged to transpose them without modification into national standards. Formerly existing national standards have to be withdrawn.Existing European standards sometimes show deficiencies regarding the specification of requirements according to Directive 89/686/EEC: the standardization of PPE for special fields of application and insufficient harmonization of provisions for different PPE serving the same protective purpose. Test methods are not always described precisely enough. 相似文献
87.
试论我国农业环境标准体系建设 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
探讨了我国农业环境标准的范畴和分类,介绍了我国现行的农业环境标准,并对加强农业环境标准体系建设提出了建议。 相似文献
88.
Viability of using global standards for neighbourhood sustainability assessment: insights from a comparative case study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Neighbourhoods are increasingly gaining attention as planning units of great potential for contribution to sustainable development. Many assessment tools such as LEED-ND, BREEAM Communities and CASBEE-UD have been developed to examine the sustainability of neighbourhood development projects. Some of these tools are claimed to be suitable for assessment in different contexts, and LEED-ND has already been utilised in various countries. This study investigates the viability of using global standards through a series of comparative case studies. One certified case from each of the aforementioned tools is chosen and evaluated against its non-corresponding assessment tools. Selected cases are, respectively, Hoyt Yards, MediaCityUK and Koshigaya Lake Town. Results of this study provide evidence that casts doubt on the viability of using global standards. The paper concludes that neighbourhood sustainability assessment should be regarded as a pluralistic practice. This implies that any realistic and reliable assessment should take account of the specificities of specific locations and varying needs of different stakeholders. 相似文献
89.
90.
Hua Wang Yun Zhu Carey Jang Che-Jen Lin Shuxiao Wang Joshua S. Fu Jian Gao Shuang Deng Junping Xie Dian Ding Xuezhen Qiu Shicheng Long 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015
Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition (SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O3 and PM2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM2.5 and 8-hour O3 for a proposed emission control policy. 相似文献