呼伦贝尔典型草原区植物生长旺季地上干物质量估算的地面光谱模型

为促进地面高光谱遥感在草地估产方面的应用,采用美国ASD公司生产的Fieldspec 3光谱仪,于2009年7月下旬在呼伦贝尔典型草原区进行了高光谱遥感地面观测试验. 运用单变量线性、非线性和逐步回归分析方法,建立植物生长旺季归一化植被指数(NDVI)与地上干物质量(ANPP)间的地面光谱模型. 结果表明,基于判定系数(R2)判断,线性函数和指数函数拟合较理想,R2分别达到0.729 5和0.720 3. 误差分析表明,标准误差(SE)最大的是对数函数,其SE为24.82 g/m2;最小的是幂函数,其SE为22.63 g/m2. 平均误差系数(MEC)最大的是对数函数,其MEC为0.249 7;指数函数最小,其MEC为0.193 2. 综合分析后,选用一元线性回归方程作为呼伦贝尔典型草原区的植物生长旺季最优地面光谱模型:ANPP406.08NDVI-101.64,其R2为0.729 5,SE为23.61 g/m2,MEC为0.220　9,P<0.001.      

Managed grassland alters soil N dynamics and N2O emissions in temperate steppe

Reclamation of degraded grasslands as managed grasslands has been increasingly accelerated in recent years in China. Land use change affects soil nitrogen(N) dynamics and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. However, it remains unclear how large-scale grassland reclamation will impact the grassland ecosystem as a whole. Here, we investigated the effects of the conversion from native to managed grasslands on soil N dynamics and N_2O emissions by field experiments in Hulunber in northern China. Soil(0–10 cm), nitrate(NO_3~-),ammonium(NH_4~+), and microbial N were measured in plots in a temperate steppe(Leymus chinensis grassland) and two managed grasslands(Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis grasslands) in 2011 and 2012. The results showed conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa or B. inermis grasslands decreased concentrations of NO_3~–-N, but did not change NH_4~–N . Soil microbial N was slightly decreased by the conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa, but increased by the conversion to B. inermis. The conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M. sativa(i.e., a legume grass) increased N_2O emissions by 26.2%, while the conversion to the B. inermis(i.e., a non-legume grass) reduced N_2O emissions by 33.1%. The conversion from native to managed grasslands caused large created variations in soil NO?3~-+–N and NH_4~–N concentrations. Net N mineralization rates did not change significantly in growing season or vegetation type, but to net nitrification rate. These results provide evidence on how reclamation may impact the grassland ecosystem in terms of N dynamics and N_2O emissions.     

植物群落蒸散耗水量研究进展

本文主要介绍了植物群落蒸散量的研究方法及影响因素，并根据作者所处地区的特点，对内蒙古典型草原的蒸散研究进展进行了综述。     

增温对荒漠草原植物群落组成及物种多样性的影响

以短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,通过采用远红外线辐射器模拟增温的方法,探讨了增温对荒漠草原植物群落结构及生物量和物种多样性的影响。结果表明：由于远红外线辐射器的增温作用,在2012年整个生长季内,增温样地10、20、30 cm土壤平均温度与对照样地相比,平均增加了0.39、0.38、0.31℃;各土层土壤含水量较对照平均减少0.76%、0.73%、0.60%。受温度升高及土壤含水量减少的影响,模拟增温6个生长季后,与对照样地相比,群落的高度整体增加,密度、盖度、频度表现为部分物种增加和部分物种减少的趋势,冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）等物种的重要值下降,阿氏旋花（Convolvulus ammanii）等物种的重要值上升,但是增温没有明显改变植物群落的组成。同时,增温处理使荒漠草原禾草的盖度减少,杂类草的盖度增加,半灌木和一两年生植物分盖度未发生明显变化;增温使地上地下生物量出现了不同程度的减少,在0~30 cm土壤深度地下生物量分配中,增温样地0~10 cm分配比例（81.23%）小于对照（86.07%）,10~20 cm分配比例（11.55%）大于对照（9.16%）;20~30 cm 分配比例（7.22%）大于对照（4.77%）,增温使得地下生物量分配格局向深层转移。增温后,增温样地植物Shnnon-Winener指数降低,Pielou均匀度指数升高,温度升高使荒漠草原植物群落的均匀度增加,但并没有提高草地植物的物种多样性。     

利用马尔柯夫过程预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的变化

以我国北方典型草原模式地段之一的锡林河流域草原为研究对象,根据研究区两个时期遥感影像解译的植被类型图衍生出草原植被退化图。在对草原退化图统一网格化后,计算各网格草原退化指数,并加以分级,确定不同草原退化等级之间转移概率,并应用马尔柯夫模型预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的演变趋势。结果表明:如果不采取防止草地退化的根本性措施,草原退化态势还将继续下去。以每个网格草原退化指数值为各网格草原退化状况划分依据,以3km×3km网格为统计单元,在流域总面积为10701km₂情况下,预测结果是:2005年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格总面积是3776km₂,占流域总面积的35.29%;4、5级网格面积之和为5427km₂,达到流域总面积的50.71%。2025年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格面积总和是3389km₂,占流域总面积的31.67%;4、5级网格面积之和为6406km₂,达到流域总面积的59.86%。     

Relationship between structure and aboveground biomass of typical steppe and climate in Inner Mongolia

Typical steppe in Inner Mongolia belongs to a part of Central Asia sub-region in Eurasian temperate steppe region. In climate distinct wet and dry season, coherence of water and heat result in single peak type of seasonal dynamic of steppe biomass. Community biomass has linear regressional equation with community height, its correlation coefficient (R) is 0.959***. Growth rate of biomass in June, July and August is usually at 1.5-3.0 g/m2. d-1. Community standing dead occurs in June and equates green living biomass by mid-September. Community biomass is only standing dead biomass in the mid-October. Biomass, green production and standing dead have linear regressional relation with days of plant growing, their correlation coefficient (R) are 0.9919***, 0.9878*** and 0.9923***, respectively. Yearly dynamic of typical steppe biomass is variable, the maximum value is 2.4 times as much as the minimum. The peak biomass of Stipa grandis steppe was 87g/m2 in dry 1980 and 210g/m2 in rainy 1981, and their height     

锡林浩特克里门茨针茅群系生态地位研究

本文介绍了克里门茨针茅这一亚洲中部荒漠草原带的特有群系在锡林浩特市典型草原带有相当面积的分布这一事实。使我们不得不对我国典型草原区草原荒漠化趋势产生高度警觉。     

Role of small mammals in natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the right-bank region of Saratov oblast

Small mammal communities inhabiting natural and anthropogenically transformed areas of the right-bank region of Saratov oblast are fairly similar in species composition. They are represented by wide-spread, common species that, against the background of a low population density of typical steppe species, make a major contribution to the community. The highest ecological tolerance is characteristic of the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius, which is widespread in the study region and dominates in the majority of natural biotopes and in agrocenoses; the common vole Microtus arvalis is scarce in agrocenoses.     

Valuation of Ecological Resources and Functions

/ Ecological resources are natural resources that provide certain necessary but overlooked system maintenance functions within ecosystems. Environmental economics is in search of an appropriate analysis framework to determine economic values of such resources. This paper presents a framework that estimates and compiles the components of value for a natural ecosystem. The framework begins with the ecological processes involved, which provide functions within the ecosystem and services valued by humans. We discuss the additive or competive nature of these values, and estimate these values through conventional and unconventional techniques. We apply the framework to ecological resources in a shrub-steppe dryland habitat being displaced by development. We first determine which functions and services are mutually exclusive (e.g., farming vs soil stabilization) and which are complementary or products of joint production (e.g., soil stabilization and maintenance of species). We then apply benefit transfer principles with contingent valuation methodology (CVM), travel cost methodology (TCM), and hedonic damage pricing (HDP). Finally, we derive upper-limit values for more difficult-to-value functions through the use of human analogs, which we argue are the most appropriate method of valuation under some circumstances. The highest values of natural shrub-steppe habitat appear to be derived from soil stabilization.KEY WORDS: Natural resource economics; Ecological economics; Ecological resources; Shrub-steppe; Environmental valuation; Cost; Benefit; Value     

不同放牧梯度下草甸草原土壤微生物和酶活性研究

通过小区控制放牧实验,研究呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同放牧强度下草地土壤微生物和酶活性的变化。结果表明：不同处理土壤微生物数量表现为细菌〉放线菌〉真菌。不同土层土壤微生物总数不放牧处理大于放牧处理,0～30 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量在轻牧区较高,在中牧区较低。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性轻度放牧和中度放牧高于不放牧和重度放牧。土壤微生物数量、生物量、土壤蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性均随土壤深度的增加呈递减趋势。相关分析表明,土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量以及土壤酶活性相互之间密切相关,土壤微生物量N与细菌达到极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与真菌和放线菌呈显著相关（P〈0.05）。土壤微生物量C与真菌达到极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,与放线菌呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量N与转化酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。土壤微生物量C与转化酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。