Ozone Deposition at a Forest Site in NE Bavaria

The dry deposition of ozone to aconiferous forest in northeastern Bavaria(southern Germany) was quantified during 1999with both the eddy correlation method and a bigleaf model. The model included parameterizationsof the atmospheric transfer resistances fromdirect measurements, stomatal resistance from aplant ecological model, and an estimation of thecuticle resistance as function of leaf wetness.Early in the season, the measured and themodelled deposition fluxes were in goodagreement, although the modelled fluxes tended tounderestimate the measured ones. Thisunderestimation was more pronounced in the latesummer, when high nocturnal fluxes werefrequently measured. The model parameterizationof the cuticle and the stomatal resistances didnot allow for such high fluxes. In these cases,the 24 hour average of the measured fluxes wereup to 4.5 times higher than the modelled ones.The reasons for these large discrepancies remainunknown. However, assigning the unaccounted partof the deposition to a nonstomatal surfacedeposition pathway, a new parameterization of therespective resistance yielded an average value of300 s m^-1. It exhibited a decreasing trendthrough the vegetation period.     

水力压裂有效压裂半径的影响因素研究*

为改善水力压裂增透效果,提高煤层瓦斯抽采效率,减少矿井瓦斯灾害,明确不同因素对水力压裂有效压裂半径的影响,基于Mohr-Coulomb准则建立水力压裂渗流—损伤耦合方程,并且求得水力压裂破裂区半径运算公式;运用ABAQUS软件模拟并分析地应力σ、注水水压P、压裂孔径d及弹性模量E对水力压裂有效压裂半径L的影响;并通过灰色关联分析方法确定水力压裂有效压裂半径的主控因素。研究结果表明:水力压裂有效压裂半径与注水水压、压裂孔径及弹性模量呈递增关系,与煤层地应力呈递减关系;水力压裂有效压裂半径受煤层地应力的影响最大,注水水压次之,受压裂孔径和弹性模量的影响相对较弱。     

Morphological and Physiological Damage by Surfactant-Polluted Seaspray on Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis

This paper reports morphological and physiological damage caused by polluted seaspray to coastal pine forests in Liguria (Northern Italy) and suggests the most reliable parameters for surfactant-pollution biomonitoring. Concentrations of surfactants in surface seawater, seaspray, and that deposited on Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea needles were determined in samples from five sites. Decline of the pines in the Western part of Liguria was greater than in the East, and was associated with higher surfactant levels deposited on the crowns. Chloride content of needles was higher in damaged pines, even if it did not reach toxic levels. Stomata micromorphologies did not differ between species in the crown parts facing the sea, while differences were significant in the back crown parts that were not directly exposed to polluted sea breezes. Water content and noon water potential indicated interference in water relations of damaged trees. In conclusion, none of the investigated parameters was by itself a comprehensive index of surfactant damage. A simultaneous survey of several parameters is suggested to investigate the impact of surfactants on coastal vegetation. The most useful parameters were: directionality of crown damage, surfactant depositions on the needles, chloride accumulation in the needles, structural injury to epistomatal chambers, needle water content and potential.     

大气臭氧污染对冬小麦气孔吸收通量的影响机制及其时空格局

近地层臭氧作为一种二次污染物,其不断增加的浓度及其对作物的影响已经成为各国政府和公众关注的焦点.本文以冬小麦为研究对象,基于大田OTC试验,对OTC内气象因子和气孔导度进行连续观测.引进气孔导度模型,并进行本地参数化研究,结合通量模型,研究冬小麦气孔臭氧吸收通量的变化特征,并对江苏省各市冬小麦气孔导度和O_3吸收通量的时空分布进行模拟.结果表明,O_3浓度增加会限制其叶片气孔导度,浓度越高,限制作用越明显;利用修订后的气孔导度模型对冬小麦叶片气孔导度进行模拟,表明模型解释了实测气孔导度90%、77%和83%的变异性.结合通量模型对冬小麦气孔O_3通量进行模拟,则CK(约为53.67 n L·L~(-1))、100 n L·L~(-1)和150 n L·L~(-1)O_3浓度处理下冬小麦在整个O_3熏期的累积吸收通量分别为6.42、12.27和13.90 mmol·m-2;江苏地区冬小麦在其生长季期间O_3浓度呈逐渐增加的趋势,冬小麦平均气孔导度的大小表现为:中期后期前期的时间变化特点,在整个中期时段气孔O_3累积吸收通量最多.     

冬小麦田O3气孔与非气孔沉降及风险评估

为了深入了解农田生态系统的O_3干沉降过程,并基于O_3通量(尤其是气孔O_3累积通量)指标进行风险评估,利用涡度相关系统对冬小麦田的O_3干沉降过程进行了连续动态观测,初步分析O_3浓度和总O_3通量的变化过程,着重探析气孔O_3沉降和非气孔O_3沉降的变化特征及其与主要气象因子的关系,并基于剂量指标(AOT40)和通量指标(DF_s06)分别推算出冬小麦的产量损失率.结果表明,观测期间(自2016年3月16日至5月30日)日平均O_3浓度(cO_3)为32.9 n L·L-1;白天(08:00~18:00)和夜间平均总O_3通量(F_(O3))分别为-7.6 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和-3.1 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),日均F_(O3)为-5.1nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).逐日平均气孔O_3通量(F_s)的变化范围为0~-5.1 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),日均F_s为-1.43 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).逐日平均非气孔O_3通量(F_(ns))的变化范围为-1.43~-10.31 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),日均F_(ns)为-3.66 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).较强的太阳辐射(SR)、较高的温度(T)和适度湿润的条件有利于冬小麦气孔沉降;较强的SR、适度的T和湿润条件是有利于冬小麦非气孔沉降.在整个观测期间,总O_3累积吸收通量(DF_(O3))、气孔O_3累积吸收通量(DF_s)和非气孔O_3累积吸收通量(DF_(ns))分别为31.58、9.99和21.59 mmol·m~(-2),总DF_s和总DF_(ns)分别占总DF_(O3)的32%和68%.通过剂量指标AOT40和通量指标DF_s06响应方程计算出的冬小麦产量损失率分别为11.58%~20.37%和20%~23.56%.     

基于极化SAR的河流有机物污染监测研究

选择我国南方水质变化梯度较为明显的典型河流为对象,分析基于C波段极化合成孔径雷达(极化SAR)的河流水污染监测评估技术.引入了随机粗糙面电磁散射理论对污染水域的散射特性进行了建模,研究了水体污染可能对散射模型及参数的影响,分析了同步得到的极化SAR数据与水体常用污染指标的监测数据.通过比较19个采样点的后向散射系数与同步监测的水质指标,发现化学需氧量(COD)与HH和VV通道的后向散射系数比成正相关性,这与由电磁理论建立的散射模型及水体污染对散射模型参数影响的分析相符.利用最小二乘法,拟合得到了利用HH与VV通道后向散射系数比来反演化学需氧量的公式,拟合结果的相关系数达到0.90.本研究建立了利用极化SAR的HH与VV通道后向散射系数比监测水体有机物污染的模型,该模型主要通过分析同步监测数据获得,基于电磁散射理论的分析支持了该模型的有效性.     

The Potential Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Estimating Methane Ebullition From Arctic Lakes1

Abstract: Arctic lakes are significant emitters of methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere; yet no rigorous quantification of the magnitude and variability of pan‐Arctic lake emissions exists. In this study, we demonstrate the potential for a new method using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to detect methane bubbles in lake ice to scale up whole‐lake measurements of CH₄ ebullition (bubbling) to regional scales. We estimated ebullition from lakes, which is often the dominant mode of lake emissions, by mapping the distribution of bubble clusters frozen in early winter ice across surfaces of seven tundra lakes and one boreal forest lake in Alaska. Applying previously measured ebullition rates associated with four distinct classes of bubble clusters found in lake ice, we estimated whole‐lake emissions from individual lakes. The percent surface area of lake ice covered with bubbles (R² = 0.68) and CH₄ ebullition rates from lakes (R² = 0.59) and were correlated with radar return values from RADARSAT‐1 Standard Beam mode 3 for the tundra lakes, suggesting that with appropriate scaling and consideration for variability in lake‐ice conditions, this technique has the potential to be used for estimating broader‐scale regional and pan‐Arctic lake methane emissions.     

激光雷达相干成像原理及其研究的若干问题

总结了激光雷达相干成像技术研究现状和进展,根据激光相干成像一般原理,针对2种最新激光雷达即距离高分辨多普勒和合成孔径相干成像技术,给出其系统技术框架和成像效果。分析了激光雷达相干成像特点及系统设计所必须解决的技术难点,指出解决问题的方案和注意问题,为我国进一步开展空间、空中和地基平台激光雷达相干成像试验研究和理论仿真奠定预先技术支持。     

2000 — 2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程遥感变化分析

冰川高程变化是冰川形态变化的重要特征之一,能为推算冰川体积变化及物质平衡提供基本参数。利用Sentinel-1A雷达数据,与SRTM数据进行差分干涉,得到2000—2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程变化结果。为进一步提高监测结果的可靠性,以裸地区域的高程变化量作为系统误差修正值,对冰川高程变化结果进行第一次优化。由于差分干涉结果受地形影响较大,为降低地形因素对高程变化的影响,分析地形因子与高程变化标准差之间的关系,去除标准差过大的冰川区域,提高冰川高程变化可靠性,对冰川高程变化结果进行第二次优化,并在此基础上进行精度评定。结果表明：过去18年来,哈尔里克山冰川高程平均下降(8.74±0.14) m;分析冰川高程变化的空间差异性,发现西北部冰川高程减少程度较东南部小;分析冰川高程变化与海拔的关系,发现总体上冰川高程下降程度随海拔升高而减小。     

蠕变-渗流耦合作用下水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率时空演化规律

为了研究水力冲孔周围煤体瓦斯运移规律,研究了水力冲孔周围煤体的应力、体积应变和孔径变化规律,建立了蠕变-渗流耦合作用下的水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率动态演化模型,揭示了水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率的时空演化规律,阐明了蠕变变形和基质收缩对渗透率的控制作用机理。研究结果表明:水力冲孔措施可以大幅度提高钻孔周围煤体的渗透率,在空间上煤体渗透率随距离呈负幂函数关系迅速降低（K=2×10-16 r -2.4）;在时间上煤体渗透率随抽采时间的延长而逐渐增大,但是增加梯度会逐渐降低;水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率的增加主要受到煤的蠕变变形控制,基质收缩效应虽然有利于渗透率的增加,但对渗透率的贡献远小于煤体的蠕变变形;钻孔由于蠕变变形会产生缩孔现象,很容易堵塞抽采通道,此时即使渗透率大幅度的提高,也很难保证抽采效果,因此迫切需要制定相应的防堵孔措施。