大气臭氧污染对冬小麦气孔吸收通量的影响机制及其时空格局

近地层臭氧作为一种二次污染物,其不断增加的浓度及其对作物的影响已经成为各国政府和公众关注的焦点.本文以冬小麦为研究对象,基于大田OTC试验,对OTC内气象因子和气孔导度进行连续观测.引进气孔导度模型,并进行本地参数化研究,结合通量模型,研究冬小麦气孔臭氧吸收通量的变化特征,并对江苏省各市冬小麦气孔导度和O_3吸收通量的时空分布进行模拟.结果表明,O_3浓度增加会限制其叶片气孔导度,浓度越高,限制作用越明显;利用修订后的气孔导度模型对冬小麦叶片气孔导度进行模拟,表明模型解释了实测气孔导度90%、77%和83%的变异性.结合通量模型对冬小麦气孔O_3通量进行模拟,则CK(约为53.67 n L·L~(-1))、100 n L·L~(-1)和150 n L·L~(-1)O_3浓度处理下冬小麦在整个O_3熏期的累积吸收通量分别为6.42、12.27和13.90 mmol·m-2;江苏地区冬小麦在其生长季期间O_3浓度呈逐渐增加的趋势,冬小麦平均气孔导度的大小表现为:中期后期前期的时间变化特点,在整个中期时段气孔O_3累积吸收通量最多.     

垃圾填埋场周边枝树光合生理特性研究

为了解垃圾填埋场环境下植物的光合适应性,利用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,以呼马山森林公园为对照,对位于昆明市东郊垃圾填埋场和对照区的直杆桉Eucalyptusmaideni进行了光响应与光合日进程的测定。结果表明：填埋场直杆桉的净光合速率随光强的增加先增加后稍有下降并趋于稳定,光抑制不明显;对照的净光合速率随光强的增加先增加后缓慢下降;在相同光照强度下,填埋场直杆桉的净光合速率、蒸腾速率始终高于呼马山对照的,说明直杆桉可通过提高自身的光合能力和蒸腾速率来适应填埋场的特定环境。胞间CO2浓度随光强的增加先下降后上升,与净光合速率大体呈相反变化;蒸腾速率随光强变化的趋势与气孔导度变化相一致。另外,填埋场直杆桉净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线,无明显“午休”现象,其变化趋势与蒸腾速率、气孔导度的大体相同。对照的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率与填埋场的变化趋势相似,但变化幅度较少。在自然条件下,填埋场直杆桉的净光合速率和蒸腾速率仍明显高于呼马山对照的。     

城市土壤压实对树木叶片叶绿素及光合生理特性的影响

由于机械碾压、人为践踏等原因,城市土壤压实严重。由于压实,土壤物理性状发生改变：土壤容重增大、孔隙度降低及结构性变差等。这些改变影响土壤性质的同时影响树木的生长。以乐昌含笑Micheliach apensis、深山含笑Michelia maudiae和大叶冬青llex latifola为实验材料,参照南京市土壤压实现状模拟不同程度的土壤压实环境,研究了土壤压实下乐昌含笑、深山含笑和大叶冬青3种幼树叶片叶绿素含量、光合生理特性等的变化情况。采用乙醇萃取法测定树木叶片叶绿素含量,用美国Li-coR公司生产的Li-6400光合仪测定树木叶片光合生理特性,测定参数包括净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（G）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、胞间cO2摩尔分数（Ci）等。并分析树木叶绿素含量在不同土壤压实环境下变化差异性,及各光合生理参数之间相关性。结果表明,随着压实强度的增强,3种树种叶绿素含量逐渐降低;与对照相比,不同压实处理下,叶片叶绿素含量均不同程度下降,且在重度压实下各树种叶片叶绿素含量降低幅度均最大,分别达到41．87％、29．36％及27．66％;方差分析表明,各土壤压实处理下叶绿素含量与对照之间存在显著性差异;在压实环境下,光合生理特性参数值净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（G）和蒸腾速率（珀与对照下各参数数值相比也呈下降趋势。皮尔森相关性分析发现,各光合生理特性参数之间相关性显著。但不同压实处理下,各树木胞间CO2浓度（G）变化趋势不一致。     

不同条件下水杨酸对蚕豆气孔开度的影响

水杨酸（ＳＡ）被认为是一种在植物体内广泛存在的新的植物生长调节物质［１］,能够调节植物体内的许多生理过程,如产热、开花、性别分化、离子吸收、乙烯的合成、气孔开闭等等,并与植物的抗病性密切相关,可能作为植物的防御信号［２］．有报道,蚕豆表皮条细胞对ＳＡ高度敏感,１０－６ｍｏｌＬ－１ＳＡ就可使气孔关闭［３］,ＳＡ能降低菜豆和鸭趾草的蒸腾［４］,但也有ＳＡ逆转ＡＢＡ诱导的气孔关闭的报道［５］．因此,有必要对ＳＡ和气孔运动的关系进行研究,以探索ＳＡ是否作为一种信号,参与对气孔运动的调节,进而影响其他生理…     

中国后生耳蕨组和新生耳蕨组（耳蕨属）的叶表皮解剖研究

利用光学显微镜对国产耳蕨属后生耳蕨组和新生耳蕨组３１个种４０个样品成熟叶表皮的细胞的形态特征的研究结果表明，后生耳蕨组和新生耳蕨组植物的气孔均分布在叶片下表皮，为气孔多形型，气孔基本类型有四细胞型和极型两种；气孔的类型、大小、气孔指数、表皮细胞形状等有一定的稳定性，可以作为后生耳蕨组和新生耳蕨组植物系统与分类研究的依据之一．     

Effects of Soil Moisture Variations on Deposition Velocities Above Vegetation

The parameterized subgrid-scale surface flux (PASS) modelprovides a simplified means of using remote sensing data from satellites and limited surface meteorological information to estimate the influence of soil moisture on bulk canopy stomatalresistances to the uptake of gases over extended areas.PASS-generated estimates of bulk canopy stomatal resistance were usedin a dry deposition module to compute gas deposition velocitieswith a horizontal resolution of 200 m for approximately 5000 km² of agricultural crops and rangeland. Results were compared with measurements of O₃ flux and concentrations made during April and May 1997 at two surface stations and from an aircraft. The trend in simulated O₃ deposition velocityduring soil moisture drydown over a period of a few days matchedthe trend observed at the two surface stations. For areas underthe aircraft flight paths, the variability in simulated O₃ deposition velocity was substantially smaller than the observedvariability, while the averages over tens of kilometers were usually in agreement within 0.1 cm s^-1. Model results indicated that soil moisture can have a major role in depositionof O₃ and other substances strongly affected by canopy stomatal resistance.     

Modeling the vegetation-atmosphere carbon dioxide and water vapor interactions along a controlled CO2 gradient

Ecosystem functioning is intimately linked to its physical environment by complex two-way interactions. These two-way interactions arise because vegetation both responds to the external environment and actively regulates its micro-environment. By altering stomatal aperture, and therefore the transpiration rate, plants modify soil moisture and atmospheric humidity and these same physical variables, in return, modify stomatal conductance. Relationships between biotic and abiotic components are particularly strong in closed, managed environments such as greenhouses and growth chambers, which are used extensively to investigate ecosystem responses to climatic drivers. Model-assisted designs that account for the physiological dynamics governing two-way interactions between biotic and abiotic components are absent from many ecological studies. Here, a general model of the vegetation-atmosphere system in closed environments is proposed. The model accounts for the linked carbon-water physiology, the turbulent transport processes, and the energy and radiative transfer within the vegetation. Leaf gas exchange is modeled using a carbon gain optimization approach that is coupled to leaf energy balance. The turbulent transport within the canopy is modeled in two-dimensions using first-order closure principles. The model is applied to the Lysimeter CO₂ Gradient (LYCOG) facility, wherein a continuous gradient of atmospheric CO₂ is maintained on grassland assemblages using an elongated chamber where the micro-climate is regulated by variation in air flow rates. The model is employed to investigate how species composition, climatic conditions, and the imposed air flow rate affect the CO₂ concentration gradient within the LYCOG and the canopy micro-climate. The sensitivity of the model to key physiological and climatic parameters allows it to be used not only to manage current experiments, but also to formulate novel ecological hypotheses (e.g., by modeling climatic regimes not currently employed in LYCOG) and suggest alternative experimental designs and operational strategies for such facilities.     

无刺构骨秋季光合特性的初步研究

采用Li-6400光合测定系统对无刺构骨的秋季光合特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,无剌构骨净光合速率（Pn）日变化规律为双峰曲线形式,有“午睡”现象,最高峰值于11：00左右出现,次高峰出现在14：00,日最大净光合速率为8.33μmol/m2·s,净光合速率（Pn）与气孔导度（Cond）、蒸腾速率（Tr）呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度（Ci）呈负相关.无刺枸骨光补偿点为12.146μmol/m2·s,光饱和点为1499μmoL/m2·s.     

垃圾填埋场周边桉树光合生理特性研究

为了解垃圾填埋场环境下植物的光合适应性,利用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,以呼马山森林公园为对照,对位于昆明市东郊垃圾填埋场和对照区的直杆桉Eucalyptus maideni进行了光响应与光合日进程的测定。结果表明:填埋场直杆桉的净光合速率随光强的增加先增加后稍有下降并趋于稳定,光抑制不明显;对照的净光合速率随光强的增加先增加后缓慢下降;在相同光照强度下,填埋场直杆桉的净光合速率、蒸腾速率始终高于呼马山对照的,说明直杆桉可通过提高自身的光合能力和蒸腾速率来适应填埋场的特定环境。胞间CO2浓度随光强的增加先下降后上升,与净光合速率大体呈相反变化;蒸腾速率随光强变化的趋势与气孔导度变化相一致。另外,填埋场直杆桉净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线,无明显"午休"现象,其变化趋势与蒸腾速率、气孔导度的大体相同。对照的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率与填埋场的变化趋势相似,但变化幅度较少。在自然条件下,填埋场直杆桉的净光合速率和蒸腾速率仍明显高于呼马山对照的。     

甘家湖梭梭林国家级自然保护区退化梭梭的光合特性研究

梭梭是西北干旱地区重要的表征类群。本项目选取甘家湖梭梭林国家级自然保护区内退化梭梭生长的不同区域,即对照组(长势较好)区、沙鼠迫害区、牛羊践踏区,选择晴好天气,利用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定仪测得3个样地内退化梭梭叶片光合生理生态的相关指标,结果表明:梭梭净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)的日变化曲线呈双峰型,具有光合午休特点;由于3个样地所受干扰程度的不同,梭梭的净光合速率、蒸腾速率等各指标均有着显著的差异性,其中沙鼠迫害区与对照组区内梭梭光合指标差异性较为显著,牛羊践踏区内与对照组区梭梭无显著差异,光合能力总体表现出对照组区>牛羊践踏区>沙鼠迫害区。