Differential response of aspen and birch trees to heat stress under elevated carbon dioxide

The effect of high temperature on photosynthesis of isoprene-emitting (aspen) and non-isoprene-emitting (birch) trees were measured under elevated CO₂ and ambient conditions. Aspen trees tolerated heat better than birch trees and elevated CO₂ protected photosynthesis of both species against moderate heat stress. Elevated CO₂ increased carboxylation capacity, photosynthetic electron transport capacity, and triose phosphate use in both birch and aspen trees. High temperature (36-39 °C) decreased all of these parameters in birch regardless of CO₂ treatment, but only photosynthetic electron transport and triose phosphate use at ambient CO₂ were reduced in aspen. Among the two aspen clones tested, 271 showed higher thermotolerance than 42E possibly because of the higher isoprene-emission, especially under elevated CO₂. Our results indicate that isoprene-emitting trees may have a competitive advantage over non-isoprene emitting ones as temperatures rise, indicating that biological diversity may be affected in some ecosystems because of heat tolerance mechanisms.     

标准溶液直读法标定电导电极常数的探讨

目前电导率测定在实验室是一个十分普遍而重要的项目,标定电极常数的方法有直接测定法和比较测定法。在直接测定法的基础上,针对现代数显电导仪的特点,设计了标准溶液直读法标定电极常数,绕过了标定过程中需要测定电导G(电阻)的步骤。该方法直观易懂,操作简单,不需要计算,省时省力,适用于所有需要调节并能读出该电极常数的电导率仪。     

Characteristics of an Ozone Deposition Module

An ozone deposition module is being developed to allow the estimation of stomatal fluxes of ozone into a number of vegetation types. This model is designed to be linked into a regional chemical-transport model for use within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), to provide information on possible risks to vegetation across Europe. This paper investigates some characteristics of this deposition module, for sites in very different climate zones. The model results suggest that both stomatal and non-stomatal fluxes are comparable in magnitude.     

Comparisons of Measured and Modelled Ozone Deposition to Forests in Northern Europe

The performance of a new dry deposition module, developedfor the European-scale mapping and modelling of ozone flux to vegetation, was tested against micrometeorological ozone and water vapour flux measurements. The measurement data are for twoconiferous (Scots pine in Finland, Norway spruce in Denmark) and one deciduous forest (mountain birch in Finland). On average, themodel performs well for the Scots pine forest, if local inputdata are used. The daytime deposition rates are somewhat over-predicted at the Danish site, especially in the afternoon. The mountain birch data indicate that the generic parameterisationof stomatal responses is not very representative of this northernspecies. The module was also tested by using modelled meteorological data that constitute the input for a photochemical transport model.     

盐胁迫对油菜幼苗生长和光合特征的影响

采用盆栽砂培试验,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200、300mmol·L-1)NaCl胁迫10和30d对油菜(Brassica napus)幼苗干质量、叶绿素(Chl)含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间CO2浓度(xi)、蒸腾速率(Rt)、水分利用效率(Ew,u)和气孔限制值(Ls)等的影响.结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,油菜幼苗植株干质量显著降低,长期高盐胁迫下油菜干质量降低更显著;随NaCl浓度的增加,Chl含量、Chl a/Chl b比值均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,处理10d,Chl含量、Chl a/Chl b比值在NaCl浓度为200mmol·L-1条件下达最大值,处理30d,在NaCl浓度为100mmol·L-1条件下达最大值.在50～100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,油菜叶片的Pn、xi和Ls所受影响均很小;高盐胁迫下,其Pn、Gs、xi和Rt均显著下降,而Ew,u和Ls则显著上升.相关分析显示,植株干质量与Chl含量、Chl a/Chl b比值间无相关性,与Na+、Cl-含量,Ew,u和Ls间呈显著负相关(P＜0.01),与根冠比,K+、Ca2+含量,K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比值,K+与Na+的选择性比率[S(K+,Na+)],Ca2+与Na+的选择性比率[S(Ca2+,Na+)],Pn,Gs,xi和Rt间呈显著正相关(P＜0.01).上述结果表明,200mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫10和30d、300mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫10d,油菜幼苗光合抑制主要来自气孔限制,而300mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫30d,气孔限制和非气孔限制在油菜幼苗光合抑制中均具有重要作用.Na+、Cl-、K+、Ca2+含量,Ew,u,Ls,根冠比,K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比值,S(K+,Na+),S(Ca2+,Na+),Pn,Gs,xi和Rt均可作为油菜生长盐适应性的评价指标.     

Changes in photosynthesis, mesophyll conductance to CO2, and isoprenoid emissions in Populus nigra plants exposed to excess nickel

Poplar (Populus nigra) plants were grown hydroponically with 30 and 200 μM Ni (Ni₃₀ and Ni₂₀₀). Photosynthesis limitations and isoprenoid emissions were investigated in two leaf types (mature and developing). Ni stress significantly decreased photosynthesis, and this effect depended on the leaf Ni content, which was lower in mature than in developing leaves. The main limitations to photosynthesis were attributed to mesophyll conductance and metabolism impairment. In Ni-stressed developing leaves, isoprene emission was significantly stimulated. We attribute such stimulation to the lower chloroplastic [CO₂] than in control leaves. However chloroplastic [CO₂] did not control isoprene emission in mature leaves. Ni stress induced the emission of cis-β-ocimene in mature leaves, and of linalool in both leaf types. Induced biosynthesis and emission of isoprenoids reveal the onset of antioxidant processes that may also contribute to reduce Ni stress, especially in mature poplar leaves.     

臭氧胁迫对冬小麦光合作用、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

在大田试验的条件下,利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了臭氧胁迫对冬小麦不同生育期(拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期和灌浆期)光合作用、膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,在150nmol·mol-1O3浓度范围内,随着O3浓度的升高和熏气时间的增加,冬小麦叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a和b含量总体降低,但孕穗和扬花期T1处理组总叶绿素和叶绿素a含量较CK组有所升高;气孔导度(Gs)开放受到影响,单位叶片面积活性降低,胞间CO2浓度(ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)呈波动变化.同时,冬小麦启动了自我保护机制,具体表现为SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性先快速升高而后逐渐下降,POD(过氧化物酶)活性呈先下降而后快速升高的变化趋势;从拔节期到扬花期以及从灌浆期1到灌浆期2,CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性表现为先快速升高而后"相对降低",MDA(丙二醛)含量则持续升高;类胡萝卜素含量先升高后下降,单位叶片面积热耗散增加.结果表明,抗氧化酶并不能完全消除冬小麦体内过多的活性氧,造成活性氧积累,进一步加剧了膜脂过氧化作用,导致膜透性增加,叶绿素降解,净光合速率降低,加速冬小麦叶片的老化.     

麦田O3浓度的长期变化及其对冬小麦干物质和产量损失的估算

近地层臭氧污染及其对作物产量和粮食安全的负面效应已成为国内外广泛关注的焦点之一.利用2014~2016年冬小麦主要生长季期间臭氧浓度和气象因子观测资料,分析了麦田臭氧浓度、AOT40的变化特征.根据Pleijel等2007年修正的气孔导度模型,模拟了冬小麦气孔导度的变化,并与实测值进行对比验证,同时结合通量模型,计算了冬小麦气孔臭氧通量.此外,利用前期课题组建立的模型,估算了臭氧对冬小麦干物质累积和产量的影响.结果表明:臭氧浓度在冬小麦生长季期间从前期到后期逐渐增加,并呈现明显的单峰型日变化特征.从2014~2016年的每年3月1日~5月31日,平均臭氧浓度分别为36.2、37.7和33.6 n L·L~(-1),AOT40值分别为17.08、17.90和11.84μL·(L·h)~(-1).Javis气孔导度模型可以用来模拟本地区冬小麦的气孔导度,模型解释了实测气孔导度81%的变异性.2014~2016年冬小麦气孔臭氧吸收通量分别为9.36、9.32和8.65 mmol·m~(-2).在近3年臭氧浓度平均水平下,近地层臭氧会使冬小麦产量减少18.03%,干物质累积减少19.31%.     

湿地生态系统CO2净交换、水汽通量及二者关系浅析

湿地生态系统碳循环是陆地碳循环研究中的重要组成部分,对于全球变化具有重要意义。水汽通量是影响湿地生态系统碳循环最重要、最基本的生态因子之一,与湿地生态系统CO2净交换密切相关。本文在总结湿地生态系统CO2净交换与水汽通量变化基本规律及其主要影响因子的基础上,从宏观和微观2个方面分析二者之间的内在关系。从宏观上看,湿地生态系统本身的特点决定了CO2净交换与水汽通量之间必然是相互影响、相互制约的;就微观而言,叶片尺度上的气孔行为是水分蒸腾和净碳通量这两个生理生态过程相互联系的纽带。最后,对湿地生态系统CO2净交换与水汽通量关系的研究方向提出展望。     

Comparison of seasonal variations of ozone exposure and fluxes in a Mediterranean Holm oak forest between the exceptionally dry 2003 and the following year

Ozone and energy fluxes have been measured using the eddy covariance technique, from June to December 2004 in Castelporziano near Rome (Italy), and compared to similar measurements made in the previous year. The studied ecosystem consisted in a typical Mediterranean Holm oak forest. Stomatal fluxes have been calculated using the resistance analogy and by inverting the Penmann-Monteith equation. Results showed that the average stomatal contribution accounts for 42.6% of the total fluxes. Non-stomatal deposition proved to be enhanced by increasing leaf wetness and air humidity during the autumnal months. From a comparison of the two years, it can be inferred that water supply is the most important limiting factor for ozone uptake and that prolonged droughts alter significantly the stomatal conductance, even 2 months after the soil water content is replenished. Ozone exposure, expressed as AOT40, behaves similarly to the cumulated stomatal flux in dry conditions whereas a different behaviour for the two indices appears in wet autumnal conditions. A difference also occurs between the two years.