邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

采用梯度压力驯化法从河流沉积物中筛选到一株能够以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthalate,DMP)作为碳源和能源生长的菌株,命名为THF-2,对其进行16S r DNA扩增、T/A克隆后测序,菌株THF-2被鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。研究了温度、初始p H值和表面活性剂对菌株THF-2降解DMP的效果,测定了邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)对菌株THF-2生长的影响,进而分析了菌株对不同质量浓度DMP的降解效果。结果表明,菌株在15~20℃对DMP具有良好的降解效果,最适温度为20℃;在p H=4~8范围,随p H值升高,DMP降解率增大,最佳p H值条件为8.0。在最适条件下,经过72h培养,菌株THF-2对质量浓度500 mg/L的DMP降解率达89.5%。不同表面活性剂对THF-2降解DMP的影响存在差异。添加质量分数1%非离子表面活性剂曲拉通X-100和吐温80,对THF-2降解DMP有一定的促进作用,但差异不显著(p0.05);当曲拉通X-100和吐温80添加质量分数为2%和3%时,降解作用受到抑制,降解率与添加量呈显著负相关(r=-0.98,p0.05)。添加离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)会抑制THF-2对DMP降解作用。DMP降解试验表明,当DMP质量浓度为100~500 mg/L时,THF-2对DMP的降解符合一级动力学方程模型,降解半衰期为13.92~27.08 h。因此,菌株THF-2可应用于低温地区及低温条件下DMP的生物处理。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Experimental evidence for the effects of task repetitiveness on mental strain and objective work performance

People frequently have to work in high repetitive jobs. Previous research has focused exclusively on the effects of task repetitiveness on well‐being, while neglecting effects on work performance. In the present study, we aimed to fill this void by conducting two workplace simulations with experimental manipulations of task repetitiveness. Participants worked for about 5 hours at either a computer workstation, compiling computer hardware packages according to customer requests (Experiment 1, N = 160), or at an assembly line, piecing together equipment sets for furniture (Experiment 2, N = 213). Both experiments provide consistent evidence that high repetitiveness has a detrimental effect on well‐being, whereas work performance increases under conditions of high repetitiveness. On a practical level, our study hence shows that high task repetitiveness is a double‐edged sword for both employees and organizations. On a conceptual level, our findings emphasize the necessity to account for both mental strain and work performance when examining the effects of task repetitiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国高架交通系统环境振动研究概况

对目前国内该领域的研究手段、研究方法及研究成果进行了分析,指出了该领域的发展所需解决的问题,并给出了需要进一步深入探讨的几个研究课题。     

蜡状芽孢杆菌好氧反硝化特性研究

从湖北省洪湖、仙桃等地采集的活性污泥和土壤中分离得到32株好氧反硝化细菌,对其进行反硝化能力测定,其中3株菌的反硝化能力较强,能以NaNO₃为唯一氮源生长,分别命名为HS-N25,HS-MP12和HS-MP13. 这3株菌可以分别在18,15和12 h内将特定培养基SC中起始浓度为10 mmol/L 的NO₃-完全降解. 通过菌株形态观察、生理生化及16S rDNA 分子鉴定,菌株HS-N25,HS-MP12及HS-MP13与蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)亲缘关系最为接近,同源性达99%. 初步鉴定这3株菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌.      

Biofilm-overproducing Bacillus subtilis B12ΔYwcc decreases Cd uptake in Chinese cabbage through increasing Cd-immobilizing related gene abundance and root surface colonization

Biofilm-producing bacteria can decrease Cd uptake in vegetables, but mechanisms underlying this effect are poorly characterized. In this study, two mutant strains B12ΔYwcc and B12ΔSlrR were constructed from a biofilm-producing Bacillus subtilis strain B12. Then, the impacts of strain B12 and its high biofilm-producing mutant strain B12ΔYwcc and low biofilm-producing mutant strain B12ΔSlrR on Cd availability and uptake in Chinese cabbage and the related mechanisms were investigated in the Cd-polluted soil. Strain B12 and its mutants B12ΔYwcc and B12ΔSlrR increased the dry biomasses of edible tissues by 54%–130% compared with the controls. Strain B12 and its mutant B12ΔYwcc reduced the soil available Cd content by 36%–50% and root and edible tissue Cd contents by 23%–50% compared with the controls. Furthermore, the mutant strain B12ΔYwcc reduced the edible tissue Cd content by 40% and increased the polysaccharide content by 23%, invertase activity by 139%, and gene copies of the cumA by 4.5-fold, epsA by 7.1-fold, and cadA by 4.3-fold, which were involved in Cd adsorption in the rhizosphere soils, respectively, compared with strain B12. The polysaccharide content and cumA, epsA, and cadA gene copy numbers showed significantly reverse correlations with the available Cd content. Notably, the mutant strain B12ΔYwcc showed better ability to colonize the vegetable root surface than strain B12. These findings demonstrated that the biofilm-overproducing mutant strain B12ΔYwcc increased the polysaccharide production and Cd-immobilizing related cumA, epsA, and cadA gene copies, resulting in lower Cd availability and accumulation in Chinese cabbage in the Cd-polluted soil.     

青霉素菌渣堆肥过程中青霉素钠降解菌的分离与鉴定

为了研究开发青霉素发酵菌渣堆肥资源化与无害化技术,采用传统的富集、分离、纯化等微生物学方法,在青霉素菌渣与猪粪混合堆肥过程中筛选出一株青霉素钠高效降解菌——PC-2,并对其进行形态表征和基于16S rRNA基因序列的微生物种属鉴定. 结果表明:菌株PC-2属螯合球菌属(Chelatococcus sp.),其能够利用青霉素钠为唯一碳源生长,但外加碳、氮源可显著提高菌株PC-2对青霉素钠的降解效率. 当葡萄糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、菌株PC-2接种量为14%、pH为6~8时,菌株PC-2在37 ℃下振荡培养6 h,对初始ρ(青霉素钠)为400 mg/L的青霉素钠的降解率可达98%以上. 自堆肥过程中获取高效青霉素钠降解菌PC-2,预示着其在菌渣堆肥过程中的应用潜力,也有助于深入开展青霉素制药菌渣的安全有效与无害化处理处置方法的研究.      

一株丁草胺降解菌的分离鉴定及培养条件优化

利用富集培养技术从长期施用丁草胺的稻田土壤中分离得到1株能够降解丁草胺的细菌,标记为LYC-2.经形态特征、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为钩杆菌属(Ancylobacter sp.).同时,为探索菌株LYC-2的生长特性和最佳培养条件,利用正交试验设计法考察了接种量、温度、pH值3个因素对菌株LYC-2生长的影响.结果表明,菌株LYC-2的最适生长温度为35℃,最适pH值为7.5.当接种量为6%(体积分数,下同)时,该菌株在含100mg.L-1的丁草胺无机盐基础培养液中培养5d后,可使丁草胺降解率达90.85%以上.     

1株脱氮除磷菌的筛选及其特性研究

采用YG培养基,结合蓝白斑筛选、异染粒染色及好氧除磷能力检测等实验,从城市生活污水处理厂好氧生化池的活性污泥中分离出7株好氧除磷菌;再经硝酸盐还原产气和缺氧培养实验,筛选出1株高效脱氮除磷菌;通过16S rRNA基因同源性比较和生理生化鉴定,初步将其鉴定为Pseudomonas grimontii,命名为C18.菌株C18在好氧培养24h后,培养基中上清液磷浓度从38.7mg/L降低到2.28mg/L,除磷率达94.1%.C18在缺氧培养24h后,培养基中上清液磷浓度从44.5mg/L降低到5.21mg/L,除磷率达88.3%;上清液硝酸盐氮浓度从184.2mg/L降低到30.6mg/L,脱氮率达83.4%.菌株C18最适脱氮除磷温度为30℃;最适脱氮除磷pH为7.5.     

走滑断层作用下X80管道设计应变规律和神经网络预测

走滑断层是埋地管道常见的地质灾害威胁,断层作用下管道会发生较大的拉压应变而失效。为得到X80管道的设计应变,基于有限元方法建立了走滑断层作用下管道的应变响应数值计算模型,模型使用壳单元模拟管道,非线性弹簧单元模拟土壤约束,采用西二线实际工程的管道应变影响参数范围,计算了管道的设计应变;为预测管道的设计应变值,基于以上参数化分析得到的4 817组设计应变结果,采用人工神经网络建立了管道设计应变预测模型。结果表明:该神经网络模型预测结果的最大相对误差小于10%,预测准确性良好,且该方法具有较高的计算效率,可以为断层作用下埋地管道的应变设计与评估提供参考。