城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散分布的数值模拟

采用通过实测分析得到的机动车综合排放因子表达式,实现了交通流性态参数与CFD仿真系统的联接,在此基础上模拟了不同车流量和平均车速组合下城市斜顶建筑物街道峡谷内机动车排放污染物(一氧化碳)的扩散分布。结果表明:(1)在自由来流风速一定时,峡谷内的一氧化碳浓度随平均车速的提高而降低(保持车流量不变),随车流量的增加而升高(保持平均车速不变);(2)联接交通流性态参数与CFD仿真系统而开展数值模拟,可为基于环境容量和道路交通容量双约束条件下的交通配流过程提供不同交通流分配方案下的大气环境质量评价信息。     

微粒尺寸分布(PSD)在污水处理研究中的应用

介绍了污水中微粒的分类、尺寸分布(PSD)和检测PSD的方法。PSD与污水化学成分相关,不同来源的污水PSD各不相同,且PSD会随着污水处理流程变化。PSD可对污水进行表征,对传统方法进行辅助和补充。在生物处理中,微粒尺寸与BOD降解速率呈反比例关系,PSD可提供COD组分迁移变化的必要信息,直接影响着生物处理的效果。无论是对传统活性污泥法还是对生物膜法中的PSD进行研究,均可评估生物处理中碳源是否足够,分析去除机理,优化处理效果。PSD对痕量物质的去除和迁移具有重要意义,在深度过滤中,污水中PSD呈幂函数关系,PSD可研究雌激素等痕量物质的去除机理。PSD作为一个新型的研究工具,可以进一步深入应用于污水处理领域,对该领域的研究和技术升级具有重要意义。     

原油加热炉对流炉管表面积灰清理技术的应用

针对鲁宁线和中洛线原油加热炉炉管穿孔现象,对加热炉积灰成分、性质及成因进行了分析,提出有效的高压蒸汽清灰技术。现场应用表明,该技术可提高炉管换热效率、减少炉管的腐蚀,确保加热炉的安全运行。     

Influence of different weather events on concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China

The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter (PM) including TSP, PM_>10, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dust, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows: (1) the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM_2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). (2) The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. (3) The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.     

Impacts of continuously regenerating trap and particle oxidation catalyst on the NO2 and particulate matter emissions emitted from diesel engine

Two continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) with different configurations and one particles oxidation catalyst (POC) were employed to perform experiments in a controlled laboratory setting to evaluate their effects on NO₂, smoke and particle number emissions. The results showed that the application of the after-treatments increased the emission ratios of NO₂/NO_x significantly. The results of smoke emissions and particle number (PN) emissions indicated that both CRDPFs had sufficient capacity to remove more than 90% of total particulate matter (PM) and more than 97% of solid particles. However, the POC was able to remove the organic components of total PM, and only partially to remove the carbonaceous particles with size less than 30 nm. The negligible effects of POC on larger particles were observed due to its honeycomb structure leads to an inadequate residence time to oxidize the solid particles or trap them. The particles removal efficiencies of CRDPFs had high degree of correlations with the emission ratio of NO₂/NO_x. The PN emission results from two CRDPFs indicated that more NO₂ generating in diesel oxidation catalyst section could obtain the higher removal efficiency of solid particles. However this also increased the risk of NO₂ exposure in atmosphere.     

RESEARCH ON INTEGRATED MBR SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS EFFECT ON FILTRATION PERFORMANCE

研究了一体式MBR长期不排泥运行的污泥特性变化,考察了水力停留时间、曝气量等因素对污泥增长特性、污泥颗粒粒径分布及膜过滤性能的影响,并探讨了这些因素之间的关系。结果表明：水力停留时间越短,MLSS与MLVSS增加越快,膜污染加速,膜过滤阻力增加越快,但MBR中污泥浓度的增长、变化对出水COD的影响不明显;污泥平均粒径随SRT的延长而减小,实验结束污泥粒径最小值为0.6μm大于实验用膜的孔径0.2μm,表明混合液中的微细颗粒污泥未对膜通量的下降起决定性作用,膜表面污泥的沉积对膜通量影响更大一些,增加曝气强度可以明显改善MBR的过滤性能。     

抛光打磨车间便携式除尘器本体设计与试验

基于气旋分离和滤筒过滤的除尘原理,采用气旋分离作为一级除尘分离大颗粒粉尘,滤筒过滤作为二级除尘去除细颗粒物,设计并构建了适用于抛光打磨车间的便携式除尘器试验模型,并对其运行性能参数进行测试。结果表明：除尘器处理风量为117～179 m³/h,漏风率和设备阻力随处理风量的增加而升高,漏风率控制在3.52%以内,设备阻力最小为163 Pa,最大为393 Pa;除尘效率随风量的增大而发生轻微降低,该便携式除尘器的最高除尘效率达99.63%。     

成都市大气颗粒物工业和民用污染源的调查分析与对策

针对成都市大气中颗粒物污染现状,对烟(粉)尘排放的来源,烟(粉)尘排放的重点行业,烟(粉)尘排放的分布地区做了调查,并结合颗粒物污染的分布区域对照分析,提出了相应对策。     

大尺度料斗卸料扬尘控制技术的研究与探讨

针对大尺度料斗在抓料斗、重载汽车等卸料过程中产生的扬尘问题,分别对单侧抽风式扬尘控制技术、多侧抽风式扬尘控制技术、单侧吹吸式扬尘控制技术和多侧吹吸式扬尘控制技术等扬尘控制技术的扬尘控制效果进行了探讨。另外,针对两边同时具有卸料点的大尺度料斗,在重载汽车卸料过程中产生的扬尘问题,提出了移动式扬尘控制技术对其扬尘进行控制;并结合具体实例对移动式扬尘控制技术的应用进行了介绍,同时指出了其使用过程中存在的问题。     

特殊地质条件下深钻孔排渣技术及应用

针对特殊地质结构及远距离下行钻孔孔内残留钻屑量大,排渣困难,钻孔有效利用率低,抽采效果不理想等不利影响,结合现有悬浮剂资料,配置一定密度的悬浮液并进行排渣技术试验。试验结果表明,悬浮液排渣能够排出钻孔中残留的钻屑,清洗钻孔,避免钻屑填埋煤层段,延长钻孔有效深度,提高瓦斯抽采效果,浅钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量提高27%,抽采浓度提高8%,深钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量提高110%,抽采浓度提高340%。为特殊地质结构下深钻孔排渣工作提供一定的参考依据。