工作压力、安全注意力与不安全行为的影响机理模型

为探索矿工工作压力、安全注意力与不安全行为之间的深层次逻辑关系,在文献梳理和开放式访谈的基础上,采用结构方程构建工作压力、安全注意力与不安全行为的影响机理模型。采用多阶段随机抽样,抽取矿工650名,对矿工的工作压力、安全注意力和不安全行为进行问卷调查。结果表明:矿工工作压力的安全管理方式、无效能感、干部风格、组织支持和角色冲突均显著负向影响安全注意力,影响程度依次减弱;安全注意力的安全信息刺激显著负向影响不安全行为;工作压力通过安全注意力的自身素养和安全监管显著正向影响不安全行为。安全注意力是矿工工作压力和不安全行为的部分中介变量。有效减轻工作压力和控制安全注意力水平,可以有效干预不安全行为。     

ISM耦合ANP矿工安全注意力衰减影响因素模型

为了减少煤矿安全事故的发生,从“纵向过程观”角度,引入矿工安全注意力控制空间、安全信息分配空间和安全行为结果空间,建立矿工安全注意力衰减影响因素模型。首先,基于文献研究,建立矿工安全注意力衰减影响因素体系,一共包含12个指标;其次,利用解释结构模型（ISM）构建矿工安全注意力衰减的3级递阶有向图;最后,采用网络层次分析法（ANP）构建矿工安全注意力衰减影响因素的权重模型,并借助Super Decision（SD）软件求解。结果表明:安全自制力、行为习惯、工作负荷、风险应对力以及安全信息刺激频率为表层直接影响因素;安全认知、工作要求、作业环境特征、安全信息变化多样性和风险感知力为中层间接影响因素;管理方式和安全信息刺激强度为深层根本影响因素。主要影响因素有:安全认知、安全自制力、行为习惯、管理方式、安全信息刺激频率以及风险感知力。     

人因脆弱性对安全注意力衰减的SEM研究

为深入研究人因脆弱性影响因素对安全注意力衰减的深层次作用关系,基于复杂系统脆弱性（CSV）理论,采用因子分析法对人因脆弱性进行主成分分析,提取8个人因脆弱性因子;然后,引入安全注意力配置作为中介变量,借助结构方程模型技术建立人因脆弱性对安全注意力衰减的SEM。结果表明:安全注意力配置与安全素质、安全意识、受教育程度、工作年限、安全知识、工作倦怠、安全心理等因子显著相关;安全注意力衰减与安全意识、安全自制力、工作倦怠、安全心理等因子显著相关;安全注意力配置与安全自制力的关系不显著;安全注意力衰减与安全素质、受教育程度、工作年限、安全知识的关系不显著。     

基于CA-SEM的煤矿安全事故风险因素结构模型

围绕煤矿安全风险管理的内涵,通过因子分析和层次聚类分析,识别煤矿安全事故风险主要包含人因风险、管理风险、信息风险、环境风险和设备风险5个风险因素层的22项风险因子。以人因风险层的6个风险因素为内源潜变量,其他4个风险层的16个风险因素为外源潜变量,构建煤矿安全事故风险因素的CA-SEM模型。运用SPASS17.0和AMOS7.0剖析各风险因素层以及各风险因子对煤矿安全事故风险的综合影响及其作用机理,从而为实现煤矿本质化安全提供决策依据。     

A biofilter model for simultaneous simulation of toluene removal and bed pressure drop under varied inlet loadings

In this study, a biofiltration model including the effect of biomass accumulation and inert biomass growth is developed to simultaneously predict the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) removal and filter bed pressure drop under varied inlet loadings. A laboratory-scale experimental biofilter for gaseous toluene removal was set up and operated for 100 days with inlet toluene concentration ranging from 250 to 2500 mg?m^-3. According to sensitivity analysis based on the model, the VOCs removal efficiency of the biofilter is more sensitive to Henry’s constant, the specific surface area of the filter bed and the thickness of water layer, while the filter bed pressure drop is more sensitive to biomass yield coefficient and original void fraction. The calculated toluene removal efficiency and bed pressure drop satisfactorily fit the experimental data under varied inlet toluene loadings, which indicates the model in this study can be used to predict VOCs removal and bed pressure drop simultaneously. Based on the model, the effect of mass-transfer parameters on VOCs removal and the stable-run time of a biofilter are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the model can function as a good tool to evaluate the effect of biomass accumulation and optimize the design and operation of biofilters.     

Characterisation of major component leaching and buffering capacity of RDF incineration and gasification bottom ash in relation to reuse or disposal scenarios

Thermal treatment of refuse derived fuel (RDF) in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants is considered a promising solution to reduce waste volumes for disposal, while improving material and energy recovery from waste. Incineration is commonly applied for the energetic valorisation of RDF, although RDF gasification has also gained acceptance in recent years. In this study we focused on the environmental properties of bottom ash (BA) from an RDF incineration (RDF-I, operating temperature 850-1000 °C) and a RDF gasification plant (RDF-G, operating temperature 1200-1400 °C), by evaluating the total composition, mineralogy, buffering capacity, leaching behaviour (both at the material’s own pH and as a function of pH) of both types of slag. In addition, buffering capacity results and pH-dependence leaching concentrations of major components obtained for both types of BA were analysed by geochemical modelling. Experimental results showed that the total content of major components for the two types of BA was fairly similar and possibly related to the characteristics of the RDF feedstock. However, significant differences in the contents of trace metals and salts were observed for the two BA samples as a result of the different operating conditions (i.e. temperature) adopted by the two RDF thermal treatment plants. Mineralogy analysis showed in fact that the RDF-I slag consisted of an assemblage of several crystalline phases while the RDF-G slag was mainly made up by amorphous glassy phases. The leached concentrations of major components (e.g. Ca, Si) at the natural pH of each type of slag did not reflect their total contents as a result of the partial solubility of the minerals in which these components were chemically bound. In addition, comparison of total contents with leached concentrations of minor elements (e.g. Pb, Cu) showed no obvious relationship for the two types of BA. According to the compliance leaching test results, the RDF-G BA would meet the limits of the Italian legislation for reuse and the European acceptance criteria for inert waste landfilling. RDF-I BA instead would meet the European acceptance criteria for non hazardous waste landfilling. A new geochemical modelling approach was followed in order to predict the leaching behaviour of major components and the pH buffering capacity of the two types of slags on the basis of independent mineralogical information obtained by XRD analysis and the bulk composition of the slag. It was found that the combined use of data regarding the mineralogical characterization and the buffering capacity of the slag material can provide an independent estimate of both the identity and the amount of minerals that contribute to the leaching process. This new modelling approach suggests that only a limited amount of the mineral phases that control the pH, buffering capacity and major component leaching from the solid samples is available for leaching, at least on the time scale of the applied standard leaching tests. As such, the presented approach can contribute to gain insights for the identification of the types and amounts of minerals that control the leaching properties and pH buffering capacity of solid residues such as RDF incineration and gasification bottom ash.     

Examining the relationship between ecosystem structure and function using structural equation modelling: A case study examining denitrification potential in restored wetland soils

An ongoing debate in ecology is the relationship between community or ecosystem structure and function. This relationship is particularly important in restored ecosystems because it is often assumed that restoring ecosystem structure will restore ecosystem functioning, but this assumption is frequently not tested. In this study, we used a novel application of structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the relationship between ecosystem structure and function. To exemplify how to apply SEM to explore this relationship, we used a case study examining soil controls on denitrification potential (DNP) in two restored wetlands. Our objectives were to examine (1) whether both restored wetland soil ecosystems had similar relationships among soils variables (i.e. similar soil ecosystem structure) and (2) whether the soil variables driving denitrification potential (DNP) were similar at both sites (i.e. the soil ecosystems were functioning in a similar manner). Using the unique ability of SEM to test model structure, we proposed a SEM to represent the soil ecosystem and tested this structure with field data. We determined that the same model structure was supported by data from both systems suggesting that the two restored wetland systems had similar soil ecosystem structure. To test whether both ecosystems were functioning in a similar way, we examined the parameters of each model. We determined that the drivers of DNP function were not the same at both sites. Higher soil organic matter was the most important predictor of higher DNP at both sites. However, the other significant relationships among soils variables were different at each system indicating that the soils were not functioning in exactly the same way at each site. Overall, these results suggest that the restoration of ecosystem structure may not necessarily ensure the restoration of ecosystem functioning. In this study we capitalize on an inherent feature of SEM, the ability to test model structure, to test a fundamental ecological question. This novel approach is widely applicable to other systems and improves our understanding of the general relationship between ecosystem structure and function.     

Assessment of spatial distribution of submerged vegetation in the Orbetello lagoon by means of a mathematical model

Coastal lagoons are characterized by a constant threat of eutrophication and a critical coexistence of differing submerged vegetation forms. This paper investigates the competitive equilibrium of macroalgae and phanerogams in the Orbetello lagoon in relation to physico-chemical and environmental factors, including wind, nutrients in the water column, and sediment characteristics. A mathematical model describing the evolution of the submerged vegetation as a function of the abiotic parameters is used here in conjunction with specific experimental studies to explain the relationship between phanerogams (seagrasses) prairie expansion, water movements, and sediment characteristics. The combination of specific sediment sampling and mathematical modelling shows that water circulation and the state of the upper sediment are both dominant factors in determining the phanerogams distribution in the lagoon and the mutually exclusive growth of these groups in differing parts of the lagoon. Water currents control the distribution of floating macroalgae, resulting in an uneven accumulation of decomposing biomass and phanerogams seed dispersal. The oxygenation provided by the rooted phanerogams affects the sediment characteristics, making them suitable for further prairie expansion. In addition to sediment analysis the use of a mathematical model combining the hydrodynamics and the water quality of the lagoon provides a thorough explanation of the expansion of the rooted vegetation in critical areas. A further result of this research is the validation of the model, originally calibrated with the lagoon central stations’ data, with the newly acquired data from several other parts of the ecosystem. The model predictions are in good agreement with the field observations under a number of environmental conditions and explain the observed expansion trend of phanerogams, which are beneficial for the lagoon ecology, more thoroughly than by relying on the sediment observations alone.     

河西地区近50年参考作物蒸散量的演变趋势及其影响因素

根据河西地区17站点近50年的逐日气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith方程计算了逐日ET0,以Mann-Kendall法对各站不同季节、年ET0平均总量进行趋势检验。结果表明：武威、古浪、天祝3站年ET0呈增加趋势,其余14站均呈下降趋势,其中有9站通过显著性水平检验。春、夏、秋、冬四季酒泉地区和张掖地区各站ET0值均呈下降趋势,武威地区各站变化趋势不一致,且前者ET0值下降趋势总体较后者明显。典型站点ET0与气候要素多元线形回归分析表明：风速是不同季节、不同站点影响ET0变化的首要因子。其次,最高温度、相对湿度、日照时数也是影响年ET0及各站点不同季节ET0变化的主要因子。