Modelling of Flow and Pollution Dispersion in a Two Dimensional Urban Street Canyon

The wind-driven flow patterns and the dispersion of vehicle exhaust pollutants released at street level has been simulated with the three-dimensional (3-D) dispersion model ADREA-HF (Andronopoulos et al., 1993), for idealised two-dimensional urban fetches occupied by buildings with slanted roofs. The simulation used oncoming atmospheric boundary layer characteristics corresponding to realistic above-town wind characteristics, as measured in reference wind tunnel experiments (Rafailidis, 1997). At that stage, analysis was limited to neutral stability conditions only. Firstly, the quality assurance of the numerical model was investigated in terms of the sensitivity to different grid allocations. The modelling results were corroborated by comparison with wind tunnel measurements in a similar two-dimensional domain (Pavageau et al., 1997). The numerical modelling replicated well the high degree of non-uniformity in the dispersion field in the test street, and the results agreed satisfactorily with the experimental measurements. The reasons for the differences observed have been investigated. With the model thus validated, three different exhaust release scenarios have been tested, keeping the same overall emission rate but different spatial patterns of street-release. The effect of the different street-release scenarios was found to be only marginal, with the dispersion patterns on the sidewalls affected only locally, close to the street level.     

Intercomparison of Numerical Urban Dispersion Models – Part I: Street Canyon and Single Building Configurations

Microscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models havebecome an efficient and common simulation tool forassessment and prediction of air quality in urban areas.The proper validation of such a model is a crucialprerequisite for its practical application. Within theframework of the European research network TRAPOS a workinggroup on computational fluid dynamics modelling wasestablished and model intercomparison exercises werelaunched. Different Computational Fluid Dynamics Codes wereapplied for simulating the wind flow and pollutantconcentration patterns in several test cases. The aim ofthe present model intercomparison is (1) to assess andallocate the source of differences that appear whendifferent CFD codes using the same turbulence model areapplied to well defined test cases and (2) to improve theknowledge base for model development and application.Throughout the series of model applications coveringmanifold urban configurations, the overall agreementbetween the various models and experimental data is fair.In spite of quantitative differences between the variousnumerical results, the models are capable of reproducingthe flow patterns and dispersion characteristics observedin urban areas but they show significant differences forthe turbulent kinetic energy field that controls thedispersion of pollutants.     

Investigating the Surface Energy Balance in Urban Areas – Recent Advances and Future Needs

Recent advances in understanding of the surface energy balance of urban areas, based on both experimental investigations andnumerical models, are reviewed. Particular attention is directedto the outcome of a COST-715 Expert Meeting held in April 2000,as well as experiments initiated by that action. In addition, recentcomplete parameterisations of urban effects in meso-scalemodels are reviewed. Given that neither the surface energybalance, nor its components, normally are directly measuredat meteorological stations, nor are there guidelines for theset-up of representative meteorological stations in urbanareas, this paper also provides recommendations to closethese gaps.     

The time-varying factors influencing the recycling rate of products

In Europe targets have been laid down by EU legislation for the recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles to be achieved within the nearby future. It is illustrated in this paper that the definition of the recycling rate and the realisation of the imposed targets are very much dependent on different parameters such as the changing lifetime of the product and product design. It may seem obvious that the recycling rate is determined by various time-varying factors, however, this paper endeavours to describe and quantify the role of these factors on the recycling rate over time by the use of a dynamic systems model. This model permits the prediction of the recycling rate as a function of the numerous presented parameters, changing design scenarios etc. In addition, different definitions of the recycling rate will be presented and discussed. This will lead to a better understanding of the parameters affecting the recycling system and a more precise understanding of the recycling targets and their realisation as imposed by EU legislation. This paper focuses on cars, but the discussion and the definitions derived are equally valid for any end-of-life product.     

The modelling of pool vaporization

This paper describes a mathematical model which calculates the time dependencies of the flow rate and composition of the vapour emerging from a pool. A large variety of accidental cases can be covered: continuous or instantaneous spills, on confined or unconfined ground, ideal or non-ideal liquid mixtures in boiling or evaporating conditions. The boiling, when present, is modelled through an equation system comprising the Rachford-Rice relation and the energy balance of the pool, which is assumed to be well-mixed. In the case of a volatile pool, interfacial mass rates are determined taking into account the Stefan flux, and the thermal resistance inside the liquid phase is also considered. In all situations, the energy balance includes the contribution of ground, sun and air. Known experimental data have been used to validate the model.     

CIMAH — where are we now

This paper, presented at Guildford in April 1988, outlines the UK control strategy for Major Chemical Hazards, in a European context. The current legislative background is described, followed by an indication of potential changes to reflect international initiatives. The paper is a presentation of current CIMAH issues.     

高压水射流超细粉碎云母的粒度特性方程式

为了弄清高压水射流超细粉碎云母的规律，本文通过假设颗粒中的校裂纹、表面裂纹和体裂纹的扩展概率相互独立，以及颗粒中发生多少个裂纹扩展的概率服从普哇松分布，推导出粒度特性方程；并认为裂纹扩展概率与水压成正比，与给料调和平均粒率成反比；然后用粒度特性方程拟合和分析了高压水射流超细粉碎云母的实验测试数据，发现高压水射流超细粉碎云母主要是云母粉中的棱裂纹扩展所致，且粒度分布由水压和给料调和平均粒度决定。     

火灾后结构损伤检测数据小波分析法的研究

检测缺陷的参数是火灾后混凝土结构受损综合评判的重要依据。火灾对钢筋混凝土结构的影响存在不确定性,判断缺陷的参数困难。超声波穿过混凝土后频谱的变化与混凝土的内部缺陷有关,混凝土的内部缺陷对不同频率的超声波衰减不同,通过混凝土缺陷区的超声波带有缺陷的信息。小波分析可以对指定频带和时间段内的信号成分进行分析,在时域和频域具有良好的局部化性质。可以准确地抓住瞬变信号的特性,对频率成分采用逐渐精细的时域或频域取样步长,从而聚焦到信号的任意细节。运用小波的方法分析接收到的超声波的频谱结构,就能判断缺陷的参数。     

煤层瓦斯流动的数值模拟及在煤壁的应用

研究煤层中瓦斯流动规律对于预防瓦斯突出,改善煤层瓦斯抽放率和煤层气开发利用具有现实意义。根据基本假设,对煤层瓦斯流动规律进行了研究,运用瓦斯运动方程—达西定律(DarcyLaw)、煤层瓦斯含量方程—抛物线方程、理想气体状态方程以及气体流动的连续性方程,建立了煤层单向瓦斯流动的动力学模型,并根据边界条件和初始条件,对动力学模型进行了求解,推导出煤壁单位面积的瓦斯涌出量的计算公式,分析了瓦斯涌出量的影响因素,利用测得的数据,进行了实例计算,并用vc编制了计算机程序。