基于生态足迹的资源节约型发展初探——以杭州市为例

文章论述了生态足迹与资源节约型发展的关系。应用生态足迹理论和方法,深入分析了杭州市消费足迹、生态承载力以及生态赤字的动态变化趋势、资源消费结构和资源利用集约度,并与全球及中国不同发展阶段地区进行了详细的比较。总结出资源利用与经济发展的一般性结论:在现有资源利用模式下,经济越发展,资源消费需求越大,资源集约利用程度越高,要求对生态系统的补偿越多。实行资源节约型发展是解决社会经济发展资源瓶颈制约的必然选择。文章最后针对杭州市未来社会经济发展与资源利用特征的发展趋势,以生态足迹理论为基础,并结合可持续评价的ImPACTS等式,提出了杭州市实行资源节约型发展的应对措施。     

Suspended sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and exports during storm-events to the Tuross estuary, Australia

This paper presents a process for estimating pollutant loads from water quality data, to improve catchment-scale modelling in the region for resource management purposes. It describes a program to estimate suspended sediment, total and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Tuross estuary from the Tuross River catchment (1810 km(2)) of coastal southeast Australia. Event-based water quality sampling results obtained during storm events in 2005 are presented. Event 1, during July 2005 was the largest storm event in terms of peak flow for 3.5 years. Other events monitored were also in July, November and December 2005. The early July 2005 event had a flow-weighted mean suspended sediment (SS) concentration during the first 4 days of 63 mg L(-1). Of the events monitored, this was unusual as it was preceded by drought and had the largest SS concentrations (peaking at 180 mg L(-1)) during the rising-stage. In contrast, the November event had a much lower flow-weighted SS mean (28 mg L(-1)), even though peak flow magnitudes were similar. The July and November 2005 events had peak flows of 12,360 and 11,330 ML day(-1). Low-cost rising-stage siphon samplers were used to collect samples during the rapidly rising phase of these events. The use of such samplers and consideration of time-lead/lag flow adjustments, quantified using cross-correlation analysis to account for hysteresis effects, were incorporated into the load estimation techniques. The technique is a potentially useful approach for understanding relationships between water quality concentrations and flow for modelling catchment source strengths and transport processes.     

The consequences of land use change on nutrient exports: a regional scale assessment in south-west Victoria, Australia

Estimation of nutrient load production based on multi-temporal remotely sensed land use data for the Glenelg-Hopkins region in south-west Victoria, Australia, is discussed. Changes in land use were mapped using archived Landsat data and computerised classification techniques. Land use change has been rapid in recent history with 16% of the region transformed in the last 22 years. Total nitrogen and phosphorus loads were estimated using an export coefficient model. The analysis demonstrates an increase in modelled nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from 1980 to 2002. Whilst such increases were suspected from past anecdotal and ad-hoc evidence, our modelling estimated the magnitude of such increases and thus demonstrated the enormous potential of using remote sensing and GIS for monitoring regional scale environmental processes.     

臭氧和氮氧化物四季浓度特征及其相关性

根据５ａ来Ｏ３－ＮＯｘ四季的观测资料，计算了各季Ｏ３和ＮＯｘ的浓度特征及两者之间的线性回归方程。其日平均值的相关显著性，以夏季最强，冬季其次，春秋季畸差。     

恒温加速退化试验的灰色预测

针对恒温加速退化试验数据处理中的贫数据问题,利用灰色建模所需数据量少的优势,提出了加速寿命的灰色预测方法.将灰色GM(1,1)模型与阿伦尼乌斯方程相结合,提出了加速退化试验有效性判断依据和常温贮存寿命外推方法,并在某型三极管的加速退化试验数据处理中进行了成功应用.将此外推方法与曲线拟合方法进行了比较,结果表明该模型具有...     

光磁耦合污水处理装置的设计及运行效果分析

基于光催化技术和磁场能够改善污水处理效果的性质,开发了一种光磁耦合污水处理装置。紫外线强度分布的设计计算采用多点源叠加近似辐射模型;磁感应强度的产生选用亥姆霍兹线圈,并采用MATLAB对反应器的磁场进行了磁场强度分布的可视化模拟;采用流体力学软件CFD对装置内流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,灯管之间的反应器壁附近区域的紫外线强度最小,而在3根紫外灯管间的区域紫外线强度较强且相对均匀;亥姆霍兹线圈内部磁场可近似作为匀强磁场;在该装置反应区存在循环流,有利于提高光磁耦合反应速率。对反应器效果进行验证表明,该反应器对污水的脱色率和COD去除率均较高,磁性光催化剂回收率达到97%以上;光磁耦合法废水处理效果明显高于磁场和光催化作用单独处理效果。     

PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan area, Catalonia, Spain

Levels of total suspended particles, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were continuously monitored at an urban kerbside in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona from June 1999 to June 2000. The results show that hourly levels of PM2.5 and PM1 are consistent with the daily cycle of gaseous pollutants emitted by traffic, whereas TSP and PM10 do not follow the same trend, at least in the diurnal period. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio is dependent on the traffic emissions, whereas additional contribution sources for the >10 μm fraction must be taken into account in the diurnal period. Different PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment techniques were compared. A methodology based on the chemical determination of 83% of both PM10 and PM2.5 masses allowed us to quantify the marine (4% in PM10 and <1% in PM2.5), crustal (26% in PM10 and 8% in PM2.5) and anthropogenic (54% in PM10 and 73% in PM2.5) loads. Peaks of crustal contribution to PM10 (up to 44% of the PM10 mass) were recorded under Saharan air mass intrusions. A different seasonal trend was observed for levels of sulphate and nitrate, probably as a consequence of the different thermodynamic behaviour of these PM species and the higher summer oxidation rate of SO₂.     

基于振动的土木工程结构损伤诊断研究进展

评估土木工程结构的安全状况已成为当前国际上土木工程师十分关心的问题,也是当前国际上的研究热点.在综述近几年国内外有关结构损伤诊断研究进展的基础上,重点介绍了基于振动的结构损伤诊断方法的发展,并对相关问题进行了讨论和评述.最后对基于振动的结构损伤诊断的未来研究提出了几点建议与展望.     

建筑结构抗火性能研究回顾及展望

火灾产生的高温可使建筑结构严重破坏甚至倒塌 ,为了保证建筑结构具有足够的抗火能力 ,必须进行建筑结构抗火分析和设计。各国学者对建筑结构抗火性能进行了大量研究 ,取得了丰硕的成果。本文简要介绍火灾科学的产生及发展的进程 ,重点回顾建筑结构抗火性能研究的进展 ,进而对今后发展进行了展望。     

海相结构性软黏土地基的沉降特性研究

通过室内试验获得了海相结构性软黏土的初始屈服面;考虑不同埋深处地基土的初始结构屈服面之间的相似性规律,应用结构性本构模型,结合工程实测数据,对海相软黏土地基土体屈服与地基沉降之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,结构性本构模型能够较好地模拟海相结构性软黏土地基的沉降变形;结构性土地基的土体屈服是由浅及深逐步发展的,虽然存在低荷载时沉降小、高荷载时沉降大且呈非线性增大的现象,但这是渐变的过程,沉降量—时间—填土高度曲线上不能确定显著的转折点,通过观察沉降曲线的转折点来确定临界填土高度的方法将难以实现。