基于可变模糊优选理论的应急指挥决策

在分析应急指挥决策方案的优选问题基础上,将可变模糊理论引入公共安全领域,提出应急指挥方案优选的可变模糊方法。该方法依据指标特征值矩阵,结合指标权重向量,计算各方案在不同模型下的相对优属度向量,并以此进行决策。其特点是模型可以变化以提高系统决策的可靠性。结合应急救援实例探讨可变模糊优选方法在应急决策中的应用,并与文献中的方法进行比较,表明可变模糊优选理论对于解决优选决策问题可行、有效,有助于指导应急决策实践。     

室内空气质量灰色聚类决策评价

根据3所室内对象的监测数据,将灰色聚类决策引入到室内空气质量的研究中,以室内主要污染物二氧化碳、一氧化碳、可吸入颗粒作为评价指标,建立了室内空气质量聚类标准评价序列及其针对不同灰类的白化权函数,以此分析3种污染物对室内空气质量的综合影响程度,得出室内空气质量的灰色聚类决策结果,从而实现了对室内空气质量的灰色评价.     

装备研发方案的动态模糊综合决策

从制定装备研发方案的指导原则出发,分析了评判研发方案优劣的主要指标因素,在此基础上建立了基于时间变化的动态模糊综合评判模型,结合实例进行了分析验证,并用图形描述了时间变化对评判结果的影响,为装备研发方案优选提供了一种动态决策方法。     

AHP与SMART方法在环境工程方案评比中的应用

本文以某大型污水海洋处置工程的方案评选工作为背景，介绍了ＡＨＰ和ＳＭＡＲＴ多目标决策方法在环境规划与决策中的应用。具体叙述了方案选优的总技术路线，目标体系的建立，目标相对权重的确定，指标值的评判与规范、方案排序与结果灵敏度和合理性分析等内容。结果表明，ＡＨＰ与ＳＭＡＲＴ方法相结合，是适于环境工程方案评选的一种较科学合理的方法。     

改进区间线性规划及其在湖泊流域管理中的应用

针对不确定性优化提出了改进区间线性规划(MILP)模型及其算法,从理论上证明了MILP模型的解空间绝对可行,从而弥补了以往区间线性规划的缺陷,为后续决策过程提供了有利的可行性条件.针对四川邛海流域综合管理,以水污染综合防治的投资成本与运行成本最小化为目标,以总磷环境容量等11个管理目标为约束,建立了20个子流域3个阶段的MILP模型,最终得到10个备选污染控制方案的最优规模、投资和TP削减能力.结果表明:①最优的总投资和TP最优削减量分别达到[620×1061148×106]元和[57.43,59.95]t·a-1重点方案为污水处理厂工程、农村污染控制工程和中度侵蚀水土流失防治工程;②实施基于最优区间解生成的决策方案时,需要严格保证TP环境容量约束,才能实现各阶段的水质达标.     

The effectiveness of state of the environment reporting (SoER) at the local government sphere – a developing country's experience

State of the environment reporting (SoER) is a well-established and widely applied environmental management tool in the South African context. Despite a wealth of knowledge about conducting and preparing SoERs, there is a paucity of research on the effect SoER has had on decision-making at the local government sphere. This study investigated the effect of SoER on decision-making for a sample of municipalities in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The methodology relied on interviews with key role players, which include the ‘‘environmental function’' as well as ‘‘other functions’' responsible for infrastructure development and planning within the municipalities. The results show that notwithstanding the extensive time and resources spent on SoER, it appears to have had a limited effect on decision-making, especially beyond the environmental function. Recommendations to improve the influence of SoER on decision-making in developing countries include improved clarity on the purpose and home of SoER within municipalities, adequate budget and capacity, and effective cooperative governance both within the municipalities, and with other spheres of government.     

突发水污染应急处置技术方案动态生成模型及决策支持软件系统

突发水污染应急响应过程最为关键的需求是"应急处置",决策者需要快速准确地选择适宜的应急处置技术,制定应急处置技术方案.技术预案编制过程中只能依据典型污染情景提出应急处置工程实施操作路线,不可能穷尽所有可能情景,因此,有必要依据具体污染情景或工况动态生成处置技术方案.本研究将应急处置技术预案(方案)拆分为"案例-技术-材料"3个模块,系统地提出"相似历史案例筛选、应急处置技术筛选、应急处置材料筛选"三步筛选模式及决策模型,开发软件平台用于智能生成应急处置技术预案或方案.以2011年浙江建德新安江苯酚污染事件为案例进行验证分析,快速生成了基于吸附技术与混凝技术的处置方案.结果表明,该三步筛选框架、模型群组及决策支持系统具有较强的实用性和可行性,极大地提高了水污染应急处置技术筛选的效率和科学性,可为响应者实施突发水污染应急处置工程提供强有力的决策支持,在方法学上丰富了响应阶段的应急管理工具.     

构建环境应急决策支持系统的思考

环境应急决策支持系统通过数据库子系统、模型库子系统、方法库子系统、对话管理子系统等获取各种决策信息,通过大气环境预测、水环境预测、环境风险评价、三维污染仿真等模型获得数据支持信息。实现环境应急决策支持、应急救援方案、健康评价与灾后评估、信息在线发布等应用功能,为有关部门进行环境应急决策、采取污染控制措施、减轻污染危害提供方便、快捷、有效的技术支持。     

Approach of technical decision-making by element flow analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation of municipal solid waste stream

This paper deals with the procedure and methodology which can be used to select the optimal treatment and disposal technology of municipal solid waste （MSW）, and to provide practical and effective technical support to policy-making, on the basis of study on solid waste management status and development trend in China and abroad. Focusing on various treatment and disposal technologies and processes of MSW, this study established a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization for MSW handling subjected to environmental constraints. A new method of element stream （such as C, H, O, N, S） analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of MSW was developed. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various techniques from generation, separation, transfer, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of the wastes, the element constitution as well as its economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technique step was evaluated economically. The Mont-Carlo method was then conducted for model calibration. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most sensitive factors. Model calibration indicated that landfill with power generation of landfill gas was economically the optimal technology at the present stage under the condition of more than 58% of C, H, O, N, S going to landfill. Whether or not to generate electricity was the most sensitive factor. If landfilling cost increases, MSW separation treatment was recommended by screening first followed with incinerating partially and composting partially with residue landfilling. The possibility of incineration model selection as the optimal technology was affected by the city scale. For big cities and metropolitans with large MSW generation, possibility for constructing large-scale incineration facilities increases, whereas, for middle and small cities, the effectiveness of incinerating waste decreases.     

老龄海底油气管道弃置决策研究

针对我国老龄海底油气管道在弃置决策上缺少理论依据的问题,建立老龄海底油气管道弃置决策模型的结构流程,基于多属性效用理论,从4个维度进行分析,选取影响老龄海底管道安全寿命的工程因素、结构因素、风险因素和影响决策的成本因素,构建属性树;运用模糊理论建立模糊互补判断矩阵,综合专家意见计算各属性权重,并进行影响因素敏感性分析;确定老龄海底管道弃置决策评分准则,对属性树各因素取值进行量化,引入成本效益率量化成本因素;采用逻辑运算计算综合得分,根据综合得分进行弃置决策。工程实例应用表明:相比于传统决策方法仅凭设计寿命作为弃置依据,老龄海底管道弃置决策模型不仅避免了单一性,还能反应服役环境对管道的影响,有利于提高管道服役过程的经济性和安全性。