我国的森林火灾状况和对策研究

讨论了我国森林火灾的状况, 并对森林火灾的时间变化、区域分布、气候因素、人为因素及地形因素影响等特点进行了论述, 在此基础上提出了相应的林火对策     

Allocation of River Flows for Restoration of Floodplain Forest Ecosystems: A Review of Approaches and Their Applicability in Europe

Floodplain forests are flood-dependent ecosystems. They rely on well-timed, periodic floods for the provision of regeneration sites and on tapered flood recession curves for the successful establishment of seedlings. These overbank flood events are described as regeneration flows. Once floodplain forest trees are established, in order to grow they also require adequate, although variable, river stage levels or maintenance flows throughout the year. Regeneration flows are often synonymous with flood flows and only occur periodically. There is a disparity between this need for varied interannual flows over the decadal time frame and the usual annual cycle of flow management currently used by most river management agencies. Maintenance flows are often closer to established minimum flows and much easier to provide by current operational practices.A number of environmental flow methodologies, developed in North America, Australia, and South Africa are described in this review. They include the needs of the floodplain environment in the management and allocation of river flows. In North America, these methodologies have been put into practice in a number of river basins specifically to restore floodplain forest ecosystems. In Australia and South Africa, a series of related holistic approaches have been developed that include the needs of floodplain ecosystems as well as in-channel ecosystems. In most European countries, restoration of floodplain forests takes place at a few localized restoration sites, more often as part of a flood-defense scheme and usually not coordinated with flow allocation decisions throughout the river basin. The potential to apply existing environmental flow methodologies to the management of European floodplain forests is discussed.     

MODELING ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS ACROSS THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: About 50 to 80 percent of precipitation in the southeastern United States returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. As evapotranspiration is a major component in the forest water balances, accurately quantifying it is critical to predicting the effects of forest management and global change on water, sediment, and nutrient yield from forested watersheds. However, direct measurement of forest evapotranspiration on a large basin or a regional scale is not possible. The objectives of this study were to develop an empirical model to estimate long‐term annual actual evapotranspiration (ART) for forested watersheds and to quantify spatial AET patterns across the southeast. A geographic information system (GIS) database including land cover, daily streamflow, and climate was developed using long term experimental and monitoring data from 39 forested watersheds across the region. Using the stepwise selection method implemented in a statistical modeling package, a long term annual AET model was constructed. The final multivariate linear model includes four independent variables—annual precipitation, watershed latitude, watershed elevation, and percentage of forest coverage. The model has an adjusted R² of 0.794 and is sufficient to predict long term annual ART for forested watersheds across the southeastern United States. The model developed by this study may be used to examine the spatial variability of water availability, estimate annual water loss from mesoscale watersheds, and project potential water yield change due to forest cover change.     

PREDICTION OF MASTER RECESSION CURVES AND BASEFLOW RECESSIONS IN THE LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS OF PUERTO RICO1

ABSTRACT: An analysis of hydrograph recessions and rainfall data was performed to estimate the recession constants for two watersheds in the Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. To account for seasonal rainfall patterns, the data were grouped into dry and wet seasons. Sets of three Master Recession Curves (MRC) per season for each watershed were developed: one using the Matching Strip Method (MS) and two using variations of the Correlation Method (CM). These variations were the envelope line (CME) and the least squares regression (CMR). Other regression based analytical expressions that consider the streamflow recession as an autore‐gressive or an integrated moving average process were also applied. The regression based methods performed consistently better than the graphical ones and they proved to be faster, easier, and less subjective. The recession constants from these methods were then used to estimate the time it would take the streamflow to reach the critical Q₉₉ flow duration. Based on this study, once the streamflow reaches Q₉₀, water managers have 6 to 12 days warning before streamflow reaches critical levels.     

Commercial Medicinal Plant Extraction in the Hills of Nepal: Local Management System and Ecological Sustainability

This paper presents a case study from Jumla District, Nepal, investigating local management systems and ecological sustainability of commercial collection of a medicinal plant, spikenard (Nardostachys grandiflora DC, Valerianaceae), growing in alpine meadows. Interviews were undertaken with local collectors, traders, and district forest office staff, and the dynamics of people–plant interactions are analyzed using the Oakerson model. In all, 110 sample plots 1m square were laid out in three areas with differing collection and grazing pressures for recording of floristic composition and abundance of spikenard root biomass. Comparisons show significantly more root biomass in uncollected than collected areas with local management and the interpretation of differences in abundance is discussed. The combination of qualitative and quantitative investigations can provide a framework for the study of people–plant interactions, and this study can serve as first step in a compilation of cases to create a more detailed picture of local management systems of Nepali nontimber forest products in general and commercially collected medicinal and aromatic plants in particular.     

林火对土壤结构的影响

通过对大兴安岭新林林业局 2 0年内不同年数间隔的 10块火烧迹地土壤进行调查取样和室内实验分析 ,发现不同年限、不同强度的火烧迹地土壤结构变化情况如下 :低、中强度火烧对土壤密度和孔隙度的影响不大 ,对土壤分散系数有一定影响 ;高强度火烧对土壤密度、孔隙度和分散系数的影响显著。降雨能使火烧迹地的土壤密度和分散系数升高、孔隙度下降。连年火烧使土壤密度比未烧林地下降 ,而孔隙度和分散系数升高。由此可见 ,高强度火烧对土壤结构破坏严重 ,而低中强度火烧对土壤坚实度和孔隙状况影响不大 ,但对土壤的保水保肥能力有显著影响。     

林火对景观格局的影响及其应用

通过查阅国内外有关林火与景观生态学的资料，综述了景观对林火的可能响应过程，从景观尺度上，分析了林火干扰对景观的结构、功能、动态、格局及多样性规律的双重影响。分析了景观格局对林火的影响，阐述了林火与景观的相互关系，列举了林火在景观生态学研究中的作用。     

安徽"两山一湖"区域生态不稳定因素辨识及其对策

通过对“两山一湖“区域生态系统的分析,认识到影响该区域生态不稳定的主要因素是人类活动对野生动植物栖息地的破坏、毁林垦种、外来物种入侵、森林火灾等;提出了保护森林资源、调整土地利用结构、实行退耕还林、推广水流域综合治理、加强物种保护、预防松材线虫病和森林火灾、建立以森林为主体的生态安全保障体系.     

A biological assessment of best management practice effectiveness during intensive silviculture and forest chemical application

A multi-year study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Florida's Best Management Practices (BMPs) for protecting aquatic ecosystems during intensive forestry operations and forest chemical applications. Five silviculture sites adjacent to stream systems were selected for study from major eco-regions of the state. Replicate stream bioassessments, using a multimetric approach (the Stream Condition Index), were conducted as part of a `before-after, control-impact' (BACI) study design. Bioassessment stations were established above and below the treatment area to determine pre-treatment reference and test conditions. Silviculture treatments of clearcut harvesting, intensive mechanical site preparation and machine planting were then completed, during which all applicable BMPs were adhered to. In addition, two sites received an herbicide application and one site was fertilized. Following the treatments, the sites were re-sampled at the same points both one year, and two years after the first bioassessment. No significant differences in the SCI were observed between the reference and test portions of the streams that could be attributed to the silviculture operations using BMPs. Hence, the study showed that BMPs provided protection to adjacent stream ecosystems, even during intensive silviculture and forest chemical applications.     

浅谈伊犁地区山地天然林资源的保护和发展

伊犁地区林牧区生态系统的保水功能受到畜牧业生产活动的影响已明显下降,尤其是山地天然林资源的生态总体质量和生态功能都同步处于下降趋势。伊犁地区的生态建设重点应放在山地天然林分布区。保护和大力发展山地天然林资源是伊犁地区生态产业发展的核心内容。大力营造山地人工林,是目前条件下保护和发展山地森林资源的最有效手段。每年营造山地人工林不少于0 3×104hm2,才能够基本保持山地森林生态系统在资源总量和生态效能上的稳定,才能够基本维持伊犁地区以往良好的生态形象。建议自治区人民政府继续启动实施天山、阿尔泰山百万亩山林再造工程。