秦巴山区水稻油菜配方施肥效益分析

为了解陕南秦巴山区主要农作物水稻、油菜测土配方施肥实施效果,更好地指导农户科学合理施肥。依据2009~2013年连续5 a测土配方施肥试验中主要农作物水稻、油菜3种不同施肥处理(农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥和不施肥处理)的326个试验数据,同时结合连续2 a调查数据,对陕南秦巴山区主要农作物施肥经济效益评价。结果显示,与农民习惯施肥相比,水稻施肥量为:氮(N)159±32 kg/hm~2,磷(P2O5)79±20 kg/hm~2,钾(K2O)86±26 kg/hm~2;油菜:氮(N)154±25 kg/hm~2,磷(P2O5)77±13 kg/hm~2,钾(K2O)65±21 kg/hm~2条件下作物分别增产703、341 kg/hm~2,增产率分别为8.3%和14.9%,纯收益增加0.12万元/hm~2和0.10万元/hm~2。肥料贡献率分别提高了5.2、7.1个百分点;农学效率每kg分别提高了0.5、0.6 kg。农户习惯施肥中作物产量、纯收益、肥料贡献率并未随肥料投入量的增大而增产增收。     

Study on the Circular Agriculture Development in Beijing＇s Mountain Areas

Circular agriculture is an essential way to realize the positive recycling of ecology and harmonious development of the country construction. The sustainable development of Beijing＇s mountain areas depends on the background and orientation of ecological economy. Beijing＇s mountain areas bear the responsibility of protecting the ecological safety of the whole Beijing district and also the exploration of circular agriculture in mountain areas is very important to promote the sustainable use of agriculture resources. Beijing＇s mountain areas have possessed some practical experience in recycling agriculture development. Through summarizing the development mode and analyzing the development practice, the article puts forward three key segments of promoting Beijing circular agriculture development： strengthen propagate, develop superiority and built management mechanism.     

Harvesting of rainwater and brooklets water to increase mountain agricultural productivity: A case study from a dry valley of southwestern China

In semi-arid valleys of southwestern China, seasonal shortage of water is the major contributing factor to low and unstable crop yield. Harvesting of both rainwater and brooklets water in the semi-arid valleys of Ningnan county of Sichuan Province has brought about considerable economic and environmental change. Brooklet water is collected throughout the year but mainly during the rainy season in a series of ponds while rainwater is harvested in underground tanks constructed on road side or land boundaries with only a small opening above ground to save limited cropland. Increased water availability has promoted cultivation of sugarcane, tobacco, and mulberry, and increased per unit area yield of food crops. Sericulture, sugarcane and tobacco have become three important sources of farmers' income. The water harvesting has contributed considerably to increased rural income, poverty reduction, reduced soil erosion and improvement in overall environment. Government has played a key role in planning and implementation of water harvesting programmes. Financial support of government and clear ownership of water harvesting facilities are critical for the success of the programme. Application of similar water harvesting techniques in other areas with similar biophysical conditions would contribute to enhancing the rural economy and alleviating poverty.     

Potential Impact of Afforestation on Water Yield in the Subalpine Region of Southwestern China1

Abstract: To combat its growing ecological problems, China has implemented a large‐scale Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP). Under the umbrella of this program, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) was established in 1999 to return cultivated land with slopes of 25° or more to perennial vegetation. However, the regional impacts on water resource management that are incurred by afforestation have not been carefully evaluated, especially in the subalpine region of southwestern China. The purpose of the present study was to provide reference values for the SLCP by evaluating the potential impact of afforestation on water yield under different climatic regimes. Accordingly, evapotranspiration (ET) in cropland (CL), shrubland, and general forest was calculated using a modification of Thornthwaite’s method, and in coniferous forest, broad‐leaved forest (BF), and mixed coniferous and broad‐leaved forest (MF) using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model. The results of both approaches showed that afforestation reduces water yield by 9.6‐24.3% depending on the types of conversion and climatic conditions. Water‐yield reduction is greatest (>143.4 mm, or 24.3%) when CL is converted to BF in dry climate conditions. Compared with the other forest types studied, coniferous plantations prevented water‐yield reduction by as much as 9.6% because of their relatively low levels of ET. It is expected that implementation of the SLCP, together with continuing climate change, will further pressure regional water resources. Thus, the effectiveness of afforestation must be evaluated in a broader context while taking into account its positive ecological aspects, such as soil‐erosion control, the preservation of biodiversity, and the significant carbon sequestration provided by forests.     

A Statistical Sediment Yield Prediction Model Incorporating the Effect of Fires and Subsequent Storm Events1

Abstract: Alluvial fans are continuously being developed for residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural uses in southern California. Development and alteration of alluvial fans need to consider the possibility of mud and debris flows from upstream mountain watersheds affected by fires. Accurate prediction of sediment yield (or hyper‐concentrated sediment yield) is essential for the design, operation, and maintenance of debris basins to safeguard properly the general populace. This paper presents a model for the prediction of sediment yields that result from a combination of fire and subsequent storm events. The watersheds used in this analysis are located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in southern California. A multiple regression analysis is first utilized to establish a fundamental statistical relationship for sediment yield as a function of relief ratio, drainage area, maximum 1‐h rainfall intensity and fire factor using 45 years of data (1938‐1983). In addition, a method for multi‐sequence sediment yield prediction under fire conditions was developed and calibrated using 17 years of sediment yield, fire, and precipitation data for the period 1984‐2000. After calibration, this model was verified by applying it to provide a prediction of the sediment yields for the 2001‐2002 fire events in southern California. The findings indicate a strong correlation between the estimated and measured sediment yields. The proposed method for sequence sediment yield prediction following fire events can be a useful tool to schedule cleanout operations for debris basins and to develop an emergency response strategy for the southern California region where plentiful sediment supplies exist and frequent fires occur.     

基于Aqua卫星总云量资料分析山区云水资源

采用NASA地球观测系统(EOS) "云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)"2002-12至2007-12的CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 1B/2B/2C云资料,选取新疆阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山三大山区,通过分析总云量的多年平均空间分布、季节变化以及年变化特征,考察了新疆山区云水资源情况。结果表明,多年平均的阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山总云量区域平均值为43.47%、44.91%和52.72%,其云水资源有较大开发潜力。其中昆仑山的云资源最丰富,但其自然转化为降水的效率较低,可以通过人工增水提高其转化率。三大山区总云量呈明显的季节变化和年变化,变化规律各有特点。     

国庆期间南岭背景大气中PAN的浓度特征与来源

为了评估华南地区国庆期间频发的大范围区域光化学污染事件对华南背景大气的影响,2018年国庆节前后（9月19日~10月19日）,在广东南岭国家大气背景站对光化学污染的代表产物过氧乙酰硝酸酯（PAN）开展了连续在线观测,并对PAN的浓度特征和来源进行了分析.结果表明,研究期间南岭PAN的平均体积浓度为（0.66±0.54）×10^-9,最大值为2.33×10^-9,显著高于国内外其他背景站点（（0.21~0.44）×10^-9）,且PAN的夜间浓度一直维持在较高的水平;PAN和O₃（r=0.90）、NO₂（r=0.87）的相关性较强,通过PAN和O₃的线性拟合估算出O₃的大气背景体积浓度为（46.22±0.65）×10^-9,表明南岭光化学反应十分活跃;受区域光化学污染事件的影响,国庆期间南岭PAN的浓度显著升高,达到（1.18±0.45）×10^-9,而同期NO/NO₂比值降低,导致PAN大气寿命延长,有利于PAN的本地累积;结合气团后向轨迹,潜在源贡献分布以及前体物NO₂的全国分布特征分析,发现国庆期间高浓度PAN主要来自湖南,湖北、河南、江西等华中地区.     

聚丙烯酸钠(SP)保水剂对不同基质氮、磷、钾、钠淋溶的影响

保水剂正逐步运用于干旱半干旱地区的水土保持和节水农业中,而聚丙烯酸钠(SP)是其中一种重要的保水剂.为了弄清保水剂对元素淋溶的影响,进行了水解污泥、湖泊底泥、山地黄壤3种基质,4种SP添加比例(0、1.0%、2.5%、4.0%)的淋溶试验,并分析测定了淋溶液中的氮、磷、钾、钠.结果表明,添加SP使水解污泥、湖泊底泥和山地黄壤的氮总淋溶量分别增加了67.8%、37.0%和95.7%,磷总淋溶量分别增加了151%、436%和219%.3种基质氮淋溶量的分配相同,而磷淋溶量的分配不同,说明不同基质中淋溶氮的类型相同,淋溶磷的类型不同.添加SP使水解污泥钾的总淋溶量增加了大约19%,而对湖泊底泥钾的总淋溶量无显著影响,却使山地黄壤钾的淋溶量降低了约67%,SP对钾淋溶的影响效果受基质类型和SP本身所含钠的影响.不同基质钠淋溶量都随SP添加比例的增加而显著增加,但它们淋溶量的分配模式各不相同,说明不同基质钠的来源不同.水解污泥淋溶的钠主要来自基质本身钠的活化,湖泊底泥淋溶的钠主要来自基质的活化和SP中的钠,而山地黄壤淋溶的钠主要来自SP中的钠.总之,SP保水剂处理下的元素淋溶量及其分配受SP比例、基质类型和元素类型影响,使用SP保水剂既能活化基质的氮、磷等养分,有利于植物生长,也具有增加钠离子从而导致土壤碱化的风险.     

川西亚高山/高山典型土壤类型有机碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征

论文通过研究川西亚高山/高山生态系统不同海拔分布典型土壤类型SOC、TN、TP及其生态化学计量学特征,对比《四川土壤》1985年调查成果,评价我国川西亚高山/高山典型土壤恢复状况。测定亚高山草甸土、草甸土、暗棕壤、棕壤、黄棕壤、褐土的腐殖质层、淀积层、母质层土壤SOC、TN、TP含量,计算生态化学计量值。结果表明：土壤SOC含量表现为亚高山草甸土>草甸土>暗棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤>棕壤,TN含量表现为亚高山草甸土>草甸土>暗棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤>棕壤,TP含量表现为暗棕壤>亚高山草甸土>草甸土>棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤;暗棕壤、棕壤基本表现为SOC、TN、TP含量随土层加深递减;依据第二次全国土壤普查分级标准,研究区土壤有机质呈很丰富水平,TN呈丰富水平,TP呈缺乏水平。土壤SOC、TN和TP水平分布从南向北呈先增加后减少。化学计量比特征：土壤碳氮比表现为草甸土>褐土>黄棕壤>亚高山草甸土>暗棕壤>棕壤,土壤碳磷比表现为草甸土>黄棕壤>褐土>暗棕壤>亚高山草甸土>棕壤,土壤氮磷比表现为草甸土>暗棕壤>黄棕壤>褐土>亚高山草甸土>棕壤,TP是主要限制因子。对比1985年调查结果,经过近30 a的恢复,亚高山草甸土、草甸土、黄棕壤、褐土土壤SOC含量呈增加趋势,棕壤SOC含量下降幅度最大,2015年仅为1985年的31.06%;土壤TN变化不大;TP含量呈下降趋势,变化幅度在56.41%~87.85%之间。     

广西大明山自然保护区哺乳动物资源调查研究

2000年9月11日至26日,在广西省大明山自然保护区采集哺乳动物81只(种),共计19种,隶属5目,11科.结合以往的调查资料,已知大明山自然保护区有哺乳动物动物60种,隶属8目,22科,47属.保护区内的哺乳动物多样性系数(H”)为2.5555,均匀度指数(J)为O.8679,动物的密度为231.23只/km2.