Deposition and Storage of Spheroidal Carbonaceous Fly-Ash Particles in European Mountain Lake Sediments and Catchment Soils

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles(SCPs) are produced only from high temperaturecombustion of fossil-fuels. In mountain lakesystems, they provide an unambiguous indicator ofatmospheric deposition. In order to comparedepositional fluxes of SCPs between mountainareas experiencing various pollutant regimes,intensive bulk deposition sampling was undertakenat five sites across Europe. Catchment soil coresand lake sediment cores were also taken at eachsite to compare SCP storage over the post-industrial period. Atmospheric, sediment and soilSCP data showed similar patterns. Highestcontamination was found in Scotland, Slovakia andSpain with the Austrian site intermediate and themid-Norwegian site least contaminated. A highproportion of accumulated SCPs were found to bestored in catchment soils at each site.Therefore, a significant increase in soilerosion, possibly as a result of future climatechange, could lead to the input of largequantities of catchment stored SCPs and, byimplication, other atmospherically depositedcontaminants to the lake ecosystem.     

泥石流与人类经济活动

山地是泥石流与人类共存的环境,泥石流作用于山地环境,强烈地影响人类经济活动：人类经济活动也作用于山地环境,强烈地影响泥石流。泥石流对山地环境的危害,主要为破坏地表、破坏生态系统和淤堵江河;泥石流对人类及其经济活动的危害,主要为破坏城镇,村庄,工矿,交通水利水电工程,农田和人类自身的安全。泥石流危害的结果,能导致山地坡面破碎化、沟口沙石化、河床宽浅化和植被逆向演替化,以及耕地贫瘠化、经济发展滞后化和     

Chemistry of Selected High-Elevation Lakes in Seven National Parks in the Western United States

A chemical survey of 69 high-altitude lakes in seven national parks in the western United States was conducted during the fallof 1999; the lakes were previously sampled during the fall of 1985, as part of the Western Lake Survey. Lakes in parks in the Sierra/southern Cascades (Lassen Volcanic, Yosemite, Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Parks) and in the southern RockyMountains (Rocky Mountain National Park) were very dilute; medianspecific conductance ranged from 4.4 to 12.2 S cm^-1 andmedian alkalinity concentrations ranged from 32.2 to 72.9 eqL^-1. Specific conductances and alkalinity concentrations were substantially higher in lakes in the central and northernRocky Mountains parks (Grand Teton, Yellowstone, and GlacierNational Parks), probably due to the prevalence of more reactivebedrock types. Regional patterns in lake concentrations of NO₃ and SO₄ were similar to regional patterns in NO₃ and SO₄ concentrations in precipitation, suggestingthat the lakes are showing a response to atmospheric deposition.Concentrations of NO₃ were particularly high in Rocky Mountain National Park, where some ecosystems appear to be undergoing nitrogen saturation.     

岷江上游地区的草地资源与畜牧业发展

岷江上游草地面积837226hm^2,大约占了该区土地面积的35％。这块草地蕴藏着丰富的生物多样性,具有重要的生态学功能,是岷江上游绿色生态屏障的重要组成部分。高山草甸草地和亚高山草甸草地是该区的主要植被类型,其面积分别占草地总面积的54．8％和17．2％,其产草量分别占该区各类草地总产草量的53．47％和26．46％。岷江上游各县天然草地的面积和各县草地畜牧业在经济结构中所占的比重都表现了从高海拔到低海拔递变的趋势,基本上与植被的垂直梯度变化相耦合。指出了当前草地畜牧业发展存在的一些问题：超载过牧现象严重,生产效率低下,集约化水平低。除了饲草的生产与加工、畜种改良和草种改良等措施外,结合岷江上游的实际情况,在发展的思路和技术措施上着重阐述了以下几个方面：发展特色畜牧业,摒弃头数畜牧业;以市场为导向的主动畜群时空周转;结合“天保工程”和“退耕还林工程”,促进农林牧业的紧密结合。     

县(市)级山地环境管理信息系统的研制--以庆元县为例

介绍了县(市)级山地环境管理信息系统(MEMIS)结构功能的设计、系统的实现和配置。以庆元县为例进行试验,结果表明：该系统具有山地环境稳定性评价和区划的功能,可为山地防灾区划提供新技术。     

北京山区公路地质灾害应急与防治对策

北京是地质灾害较严重的城市之一,具有灾种多、活动频繁、群发性强的特征。北京山区公路所遭受的地质灾害主要有滑坡、滑(崩)塌、泥石流、岩溶、采空地面塌陷等。为了防止山区公路地质灾害可能造成的危害,笔者通过对北京山区公路所遭受的地质灾害类型、发育特征、分布规律等特点及其所造成的危害进行分析、研究,提出了山区公路地质灾害应急与防治对策,以提高北京市的防灾减灾能力,减少和避免地质灾害造成的损失。     

SEISMIC REFRACTION ANALYSIS OF WATERSHED MANTLE RELATED TO SOIL,GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: An extensive hammer seismic refraction survey was carried out in three contiguous watersheds (217, 89, and 190 acres) on a laccolith near Sturgis, South Dakota to test its utility in rugged mountain terrain. Isopachs (lines connecting points of equal mantle thickness), area-elevation curves (hypsometry), and structure contours were used together with drill cores, petrography, hydrographs, and soil information to interpret the nature and role of porous mantle in the waterflow behavior of the watersheds. Refraction profiles produced only one geologically meaningful seismic contrast within the loccolith. Drill cores indicated a shallow stony profile on a sheeted horizon terminating on isotropic crystalline rock impervious except for tight joints. Means of refraction and core interpretations were not statistically different. Apparent seismic discontinuities deeper within the bedrock lacked geological identity. Storm hydrographs and water yields are better related to soil type differences and porous mantle distribution than to average porous mantle depth. On the other hand, slope of flow-duration curves correlate with average porous mantle depth. Porous mantle isopachs also indicate that measured flow from each basin is total area flow. Thus, porous mantle isopachs and hypsometry, and soil type delineation are complimentary in our interpretation of watershed behavior.     

南方丘陵山地带土壤保持功能及其经济价值时空变化特征

土壤保持是生态系统提供的重要调节服务之一,在区域侵蚀控制以及生态安全的维持方面具有不可替代的作用。以全国主体生态功能区划中"两屏三带"的南方丘陵山地带为研究对象,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,以2000、2005和2010年3期生态系统类型数据为主要数据源,运用通用土壤流失方程(Universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE)分析了南方丘陵山地带生态系统土壤保持功能,并对其经济价值进行动态核算。结果表明:10 a间,南方丘陵山地带土壤保持总量呈上升趋势,土壤保持总量上升了76.79×10⁷ t,森林、灌丛和农田生态系统是研究区土壤保持功能的主要贡献者,总贡献率3个年份分别为82.29%、82.59%和80.58%,不同生态系统土壤保持总量排序为森林> 灌丛> 农田> 草地> 湿地> 人工表面> 稀疏地,土壤保持能力排序为湿地> 草地> 灌丛> 森林> 农田> 人工表面> 稀疏地;10 a间,研究区土壤保持功能总经济价值增加了270.34×10⁸元,总经济价值中以保持土壤肥力价值为主;土壤保持功能经济价值的变化以轻微增加为主,其呈现增加的区域面积和价值增幅大于经济价值减少的区域面积和价值减幅。在对该区域生态系统进行保护的基础上,因地制宜地合理增加植被盖度对防治土壤侵蚀、保持土壤养分可以起到良好效果。     

偏远高山湿地土壤中PAHs污染特征:以神农架大九湖为例

于2012年4月沿大九湖湿地平均分布10个采样点,各采集0~10、10~20以及20~30 cm浅层土壤,采用GC-MS对大九湖湿地浅层土壤中USEPA 16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）进行分析,对其分布、组成、来源进行了详细的讨论,并对高山湿地PAHs污染标志物进行了浅析.结果表明,研究区0~10、10~20、20~30cm浅层土壤中∑₁₆PAHs含量分别为48.55~984.73、14.36~806.47、12.84~1191.53 ng·g^-1,均值分别为302.94、142.98、208.68 ng·g^-1;7种致癌单体多环芳烃含量范围分别为21.20~844.29、2.96~592.06、0.66~964.70 ng·g^-1,均值分别为197.25、93.16、147.16 ng·g^-1,分别占总PAHs的65.12%、65.13%、69.08%;泥炭区PAHs含量明显高于非泥炭区,且已达到重度污染程度;PAHs组成以4、5、6环为主;结合IcdP/（IcdP+BghiP）及Pyr/BaP比值分析,推测大九湖湿地浅层土壤中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料及木材的燃烧,近年来旅游车辆的进入对PAHs的贡献较大;对浅层土壤中各单体PAH与PAHs总含量进行回归分析表明、苯并（b）荧蒽、茚（1,2,3cd）并芘、苯并（a）蒽作为泥炭地PAHs标志性化合物,用来评价PAHs的污染程度.     

贵州喀斯特山地农业系统不同种植区休耕地土壤水溶性氮素组成及分布特征

选择贵州喀斯特山地农业系统不同种植区休耕地土壤作为研究对象,对其水溶性氮素组成及分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:休耕地土壤SON含量范围为4. 11～14. 34 mg/kg,平均含量为8. 62 mg/kg。不同种植区休耕地土壤SON含量存在较大差异,但差异不显著(p0. 05),SON占TSN的比例差异极显著(p0. 01),传统农业种植区SON的变异较大,其它种植区的较小。水溶性氮素组成以SON和NH_4~+-N为主,不同种植区的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N占SIN的比例差异不显著(p0. 05),而两者占TSN及SIN占TSN的比例差异极显著(p0. 01)。传统农业种植区表层和深层土壤SIN的含量都要比其它种植区高,SON则相反,说明不同类型的农业对土壤氮的影响不同。不同种植区表层土NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TSN、SON含量差异极显著(p0. 01)。除了打通种植区,其它种植区NH_4~+-N含量随着土层的增加总体上表现出下降的规律。除了大冲种植区在0～30 cm深度先增加后降低的规律外,其它种植区NO_3~--N含量自土壤表层到30 cm深度,随着土层的增加而增加,自30 cm深度往下,随着土层的增加而下降。TSN和SON中,除了青岩种植区随着土壤表层到20 cm深度处降低外,其它种植区随着土壤表层到20 cm深度处先增加,然后从20 cm深度往下随着土层的增加再降低。SON容易向下淋失,不易在土层深部发生积累,造成氮素的流失和带来环境污染风险,应引起重视。