基于集对原理的天然草地分类方法

本文首次将集对原理用于天然草地分类中,以中国新疆某地区的31个天然草地为例进行计算,并将分析结果,与灰色关联度分析法、投影寻踪法以及投影寻踪动态聚类法作了对比分析。结果表明,集对法与三种方法分析结果一致,但集对法计算简单,使用方便,不受样本容量限制,且能清晰和形象地显示所属类别的程度,在多因素聚类分析中具有广阔的应用前景。     

A Multivariate Analysis of Biophysical Parameters of Tallgrass Prairie Among Land Management Practices and Years

Six treatments of eastern Kansas tallgrass prairie – native prairie, hayed, mowed, grazed, burned and untreated – were studied to examine the biophysical effects of land management practices on grasslands. On each treatment, measurements of plant biomass, leaf area index, plant cover, leaf moisture and soil moisture were collected. In addition, measurements were taken of the Normalized Difference VegetationIndex (NDVI), which is derived from spectral reflectance measurements. Measurements were taken in mid-June, mid-July and late summer of 1990 and 1991. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were differences in the set of variables among treatments and years. Follow-up tests included univariate t-tests to determine whichvariables were contributing to any significant difference. Results showed a significant difference (p < 0.0005) among treatments in the composite of parameters during each of the months sampled. In most treatment types, there was asignificant difference between years within each month. The univariate tests showed, however, that only some variables, primarily soil moisture, were contributing to this difference. We conclude that biomass and % plant cover show the best potential to serve as long-term indicators of grassland condition as they generally were sensitive to effects ofdifferent land management practices but not to yearlychange in weather conditions. NDVI was insensitive to precipitation differences between years in July for most treatments, but was not in the native prairie. Choice of sampling time is important for these parameters to serve effectively as indicators.     

Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen on Turf Grassland in Central Japan: Comparison of the Contribution of Wet and Dry Deposition

The atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen on turf grassland in Tsukuba, central Japan, was investigated from July 2003 to December 2004. The target components were ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite ions for wet deposition and gaseous ammonia, nitric and nitrous acids, and particulate ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite for dry deposition. Organic nitrogen was also evaluated by subtracting the amount of inorganic nitrogen from total nitrogen. A wet-only sampler and filter holders were used to collect precipitation and the atmospheric components, respectively. An inferential method was applied to calculate the dry deposition velocity of gases and particles, which involved the effects of surface wetness and ammonia volatilization through stomata on the dry deposition velocity. The mean fraction of the monthly wet to total deposition was different among chemical species; 37, 77, and 1% for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in 2004 was 47 and 48 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for wet and dry deposition, respectively; 51% of atmospheric deposition was contributed by dry deposition. The annual wet deposition in 2004 was 20, 27, and 0.07 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹, and the annual dry deposition in 2004 was 35, 7.4, and 5.4 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. Ammoniacal nitrogen was the most important reactive nitrogen because of its remarkable contribution to both wet and dry deposition. The median ratio of the organic nitrogen concentration to total nitrogen was 9.8, 17, and 15% for precipitation, gases, and particles, respectively.     

草原自然灾害对我国奶牛业影响分析

通过对草原自然灾害的种类和损害程度的分析，阐述了自然灾害对奶牛业影响的全过程。定量分析说明，自然灾害通过破坏草原，从而制约了奶牛业的发展。最后，针对我国奶牛业的发展现状，提出了具体的防灾措施，以减小自然灾害对奶牛业发展的影响。     

基于证据权重法的呼伦贝尔地区人为草原火险空间预测

应用证据权重法结合GIS空间分析,研究了呼伦贝尔地区人为草原火险。利用证据权重法定量化地分析了与人类活动密切相关的5个因子(乡村人口密度、载畜密度、居民点分布、城镇分布、公路网)与草原火点空间分布的关系,并建立了呼伦贝尔草原火险预测模型,据此在ARCVIEW的WofE扩展模块下生成一幅草原火险预测专题图,并将研究区划分为高、中、低三类风险区。研究表明:(1)呼伦贝尔草原火灾火点的空间分布与人类活动关系密切,尤其是乡村人口密度、公路网与居民点分布这三个因子,权重分别为0.5191,0.1945,0.2864;(2)证据权重法可以客观定量地表现出草原火险与人类活动的关系,因而可为草原火灾风险管理提供决策支持。     

Differing Effects of Cattle Grazing on Native and Alien Plants

Abstract:   Habitat managers use cattle grazing to reduce alien plant cover and promote native species in California grasslands and elsewhere in the western United States. We tested the effectiveness of grazing as a restoration method by examining the effects of herbivory on native and alien plants. At Carrizo Plain National Monument, California, we surveyed native and alien species cover in adjacent grazed and ungrazed areas. We also established experimental plots in which plants were clipped or mulch (dead biomass) was removed. In addition, we clipped plants grown in pots and plants in the field that grew with and without competitors. Native species were negatively affected by clipping in 1999, 2000, and 2001, whereas alien species were unaffected. In the experimental field plots, the European annual forb Erodium cicutarium compensated in growth and reproduction following simulated herbivory. In contrast, growth and reproduction of the native perennial bunchgrass Poa secunda were reduced 1 year after clipping. In pots, E. cicutarium overcompensated and grasses undercompensated. In the field, European grasses were unaffected by the removal of competitors. It is unclear by what mechanism E. cicutarium was able to compensate, but the ability may be related to its basal rosette growth form and indeterminately growing inflorescences. The native California grassland community assembled in the absence of grazing herds, whereas invasive European species have been exposed to grazing for centuries. It may be that these invaders have adaptations that better enable them to recover from grazing. In the grassland we studied, the strategy of livestock grazing for restoration is counterproductive. It harms native species and promotes alien plant growth.     

中国南亚热带退化生态系统的恢复及其生态效应

综述了南亚热带退化生态系统恢复的意义，地带的气候特征及退化生态因子恢复的主导生态因子，退化生态系统恢复与重建的步骤，并用实例说明南亚热带退化生态系统植被恢复的生态学效应和经济及社会效益。     

干旱冲击下草地租赁对草场退化及牧户生计的影响

近年来草地租赁市场在牧区出现并逐渐发展。然而,作为调节牧户资源的市场制度,其对草原社会生态的影响莫衷一是。Agent-based model(ABM)是社会科学领域先进的定量分析模型,可用来模拟复杂环境中主体间的交互关系及作用结果。本文首先在理论上分析了内蒙古牧区“人-草-畜”关系,揭示了牧区社会生态的复杂性,之后在此基础上,运用ABM模拟草地租赁中“人-草-畜”关系,通过调节干旱发生概率及牧户草地出租意愿,分析干旱冲击下草地租赁对草场退化及牧户生计的影响。为了更合理地展示和模拟牧区实际,本文结合2015—2016年内蒙古锡林郭勒盟、呼伦贝尔市的调研数据和部分文献、年报数据,对ABM中相关的参数进行设定,构建了用于模拟干旱冲击下牧区草地租赁的模型:①控制干旱概率,调节出租意愿的模型结果表明,在一定的干旱冲击下,草地租赁是一个有效的制度安排,可以缓解干旱导致的草地退化,提高牧区草场的总体生产力,并提高参与租赁户的生计水平。②控制出租意愿,调节干旱发生概率的模型结果则表明,当干旱加剧时,仅有单一的草地租赁制度无法阻止草场退化和牧户收入下降,草地生态及牧户收入仍然会受到干旱冲击的较大影响。因此,完善草地租赁市场,可在一定程度上缓解干旱冲击对草地退化的影响,提高牧户收入。但为了保障牧区社会生态的可持续性,还需发展牧业合作社和草地合作小组等其他制度。ABM可以通过对现实变量的参数化来模拟现实状况,对指导类似草原牧区等存在多个主体交互关系的社区实践具有重要作用。     

1996～2015年云贵川草地生态系统生产力的时空格局

云贵川草地是中国草地的重要组成部分,在我国生态文明建设和响应全球气候变化中具有重要的地位,分析其净初级生产力（NPP）变化格局具有重要意义。利用研究区的AVHRR、MODIS遥感影像等数据及周边地区的气象资料,结合改进的CASA模型,对云贵川地区草地1996～2015年20 a间的NPP及草地植被相关生态特征进行估算,并对其时空特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）20 a间云贵川草地NDVI值变化规律性明显,97.18%的草地面积年平均NDVImax呈现增加趋势。（2）20 a间云贵川草地NPP总体上呈现出“西北低、西南高、东部居中”的空间格局,年均NPP值为420.85 gC·m-2。 （3）时间格局上,20 a间整个云贵川区域逐年平均NPP值虽然有一定的波动性,但仍以7.2322 gC·m-2·a-1的速率在增加。20 a间夏季NPP平均值最高,为160.25 gC·m-2;春季次之,NPP平均值为 109.10 gC·m-2;秋季与春季相比,NPP值稍低,为106.10 gC·m-2;冬季最低,为54.03 gC·m-2。     

中国温带草地灾害类型及致灾原因与防治对策

目前,我国草地生产力水平极其落后,草地畜牧业发展缓慢,其主要原因是草地灾害的长期存在并日趋严重。本文通过对草地灾害的类型和致灾因素的分析,提出了相应的提高草地生产能力、改善草地生态环境和防止草地灾害发生、发展的对策。