细菌表面展示技术及其在环境重金属污染修复中的意义

从细菌表面展示系统构成、载体蛋白的选择和细菌表面展示策略等方面综述了细菌表面展示技术及其发展,分析了它们的优缺点,指出了细菌表面展示技术用于重金属污染修复存在的问题,提出了解决问题的思路和方法。     

畜禽养殖场排放物病原微生物危险性调查

以粪大肠菌群和沙门菌为指标,采集江苏省内10家不同养殖类型畜禽养殖场的排放物及其周边水、土样共37个进行观察与计数,同时分析排放污水中大肠杆菌的耐药性以及禽畜排泄物对土壤和水体耐药细菌数的影响.结果表明:调查的10家养殖场中有9家粪便未经无害化处理直接排放到水体或施于农田,且排放物的粪大肠菌群数全部严重超标,沙门菌检出率达19%,施新鲜粪肥的土壤中粪大肠菌群数(MPN,最大可能数)在105 g-1以上,水体中分离出的大肠杆菌表现出多重耐药性,抗生素抗性细菌总数也远高于未施新鲜粪肥的土壤及水体.     

利用土著微生物处理焚烧飞灰及资源化初探

利用从自然界花坛土壤中筛选的土著脲酶微生物开展了微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀作用(MICP)处理垃圾焚烧飞灰试验,通过颗粒级配、无侧限抗压强度、重金属浸出毒性测试对固化/稳定化效果进行了评价.结果表明,在土著微生物附著剑菌(Ensifer adhaerens)的MICP作用及飞灰火山灰性的共同作用下,飞灰固化、稳定化效果明显;在较优工况下,无侧限抗压强度可达205.2kPa,弹性模量可达200MPa,主要重金属元素Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu的浸出浓度满足《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类要求.在此基础上,利用有限元软件ABAQUS分析了将固化飞灰用作道路路面和路基之间填料后,对沥青路面性能的影响.结果表明:在路面碎石基层与路基之间设置固化飞灰层,可有效降低沥青路面底部拉应变,延长疲劳寿命,有效减轻车辙损伤,可作为大量消纳飞灰的处理途径之一.     

Toxic effect assessment of aminotetrazoles and high-energetic azotetrazole salts on soil microbial respiration

The influence of energetic heterocyclic high-nitrogen salts on microbial activity in soil enrichment was investigated. 5-Aminotetrazole, a sodium salt of 5-aminotetrazole, ammonium azotetrazolate, sodium azotetrazolate, guanidinium azotetrazolate, triaminoguanidine azotetrazolate and triaminoguanidine hydrochloride were examined. Respiration tests determined the amount and rate of production of CO₂, H₂ and H₂S from microbial activity. Aminotetrazoles, triaminoguanidine azotetrazolate and triaminoguanidine hydrochloride substantially reduced the amount and rate of microbial CO₂ production. The total amount of CO₂ produced in the soil enrichments was affected by the cation from the azotetrazole salt, whereas the azotetrazolate anion did not seem to inhibit microbial CO₂ production. In contrast, all applied compounds stopped the production of H₂S completely and modified the rate of H₂ production in the cultures compared with the control. The influence of ammonium azotetrazolate and sodium azotetrazolate on the activity of isolated sulfate-reducing bacteria was also determined. The compounds did not have bactericidal activity towards sulfate-reducing bacteria, but the compounds decreased the amount of H₂S produced or slowed the growth of these bacteria in comparison with the control.     

烷烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及优势菌株的降解特性

以正庚烷为唯一碳源,从长期受到石油污染的土壤中筛选获得可利用正庚烷的微生物14株.通过形态观察和16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定G2、G9、G14为红球菌属,G3、G27为人苍白杆菌属,G4、G7为芽孢杆菌属,G5、G10、G15、G25为节杆菌属,G16为缺陷短波单胞菌,G17、G22为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌属.通过考察其降解烷烃的能力,确定Rhodococcus sp.G2为烷烃降解优势菌株.该菌株可代谢庚烷获得最大菌体浓度D600 nm=7.51.同时该菌对不同碳链长度的烷烃,如十二烷、十六烷、煤油和二甲苯均具有较强的降解能力,以十二烷为碳源的最大比生长速率为0.37 h-1,最高菌体浓度为D600 nm=12.00,在正十六烷中生长,最大比生长速率为0.23 h-1,在煤油中生长,最大比生长速率为0.14 h-1,在以二甲苯为唯一碳源时,D600 nm也可达到1.00左右.研究表明该菌株对于石油污染土壤的生物修复有很大的应用前景.图6表2参9     

苯酚降解菌UW7的鉴定及对苯酚的降解作用

从焦化厂污水处理曝气池泥样中分离出具有降解苯酚能力的UW7菌株,根据形态、生理生化性状初步鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter).该菌16S rRNA基因序列(在GenBank中的登录号为GU083586)与多株鲁氏不动杆菌(A.lowffii)的相似性在99%以上.结合形态、生理生化特性,鉴定UW7菌株为鲁氏不动杆菌(A.lowffii UW7),该种细菌具有降解苯酚的特性尚未见报道.该菌株降解苯酚的最适温度为30℃,最适生长pH 7.0,对2.5 g/L浓度的苯酚能够有效降解,对3.5～4.0 g/L浓度的苯酚有较强的耐受能力,是处理高浓度苯酚废水的良好菌种资源.     

耐盐异养硝化菌驯化方法及分离菌株鉴定

采用高C/N、逐渐降低DO、菌体对数生长期前期转接以及增加培养液中海水比例的方法完成了耐盐异养硝化菌的富集和驯化,并从中分离筛选出两株高效异养硝化菌qy37和gs2.通过对两株菌的形态观察、生理生化试验以及16S rRNA序列分析,确定菌株qy37和菌株gs2分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和盐单胞菌属(Halomonas).     

Sulfate-containing amendments to reduce methane emissions from rice fields: mechanisms,effectiveness and costs

Application of sulfate-containing amendments is oftensuggested as a mitigation option to reduce methane (CH₄) emissionsfrom rice (Oryza) fields. This paper discusses the mechanism andpotential of this mitigation option, reviews the relevant experimental data,and presents first, indicative costs of application. CH₄ emission datafor rice fields with sulfate-containing amendments are compiled toreinterpret the resulting reduction in CH₄ emission and find a generalrelationship between emission reduction and amount of sulfate applied. Thereduction in CH₄ emission depends on the amount of sulfate applied.However, absolute emission reduction is location specific and cannot bederived from the amount of sulfate (SO^2- ₄) applied only. We established alogarithmic relationship, across locations, between SO^2- ₄ application andfractional emission reduction relative to the emission of the non-amendedcontrol field. Recycling of SO^2- ₄ in the rhizosphere was essential to explainthe observed reductions in CH₄ emission for a number of theexperiments. The cost of applying SO^2- _{_4}-containing fertilizers varies acrosscountries and depends on local fertilizer prices. Since a fractional reductionis obtained, the cost-efficiency in terms of CH₄ mitigation per unitof SO^2- ₄ applied will be highest in high-emitting rice production systems.Provided the proper target areas are selected, the cost of SO^2- ₄-containingfertilizer as a mitigation option to reduce CH₄ emissions in rice fieldsis estimated at 5–10 US dollar per Mg CO₂-equivalent.     

一株抗铬细菌的分离鉴定及其还原特性研究

拟通过筛选出高效还原Cr(Ⅵ)的菌株来修复铬污染土壤,从重庆废弃化工厂铬污染土壤中分离得到一株高效还原菌株,对该菌进行形态和生理生化特征研究,并结合分子生物学进行测序分析,同时对该菌在不同条件下还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力进行检测,探讨了pH值、接种量、初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度及温度对Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响.结果表明,该菌株为革兰氏阳性杆菌,命名为NO.1.经形态和生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列比对分析,鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)(相似度为99％).该菌株具有较强的还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力,在pH=8.0、接种量50％(体积分数)及30℃条件下,100 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)在处理3d后可基本被还原.研究表明,该细菌有望用于铬污染土壤的修复.     

反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原的工艺特性

本实验通过建立一套两级串联UASB反应器研究油田集输系统及高含盐量废水中反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原的工艺处理特性,并在工艺稳定运行后对形成的颗粒污泥性状及微生物特性进行研究.结果表明,添加Na NO2可促使反应体系中反硝化细菌(denitrifying bacteria,DNB)数量由7.0×103CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)增加至7.3×105CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)并保持稳定,DNB对硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)的竞争抑制作用导致SRB数量由8.0×105CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)减少,稳定至7.6×104CFU·(100 m L)~(-1),同时,硫酸盐还原过程被抑制,硫离子的抑制率不断增加,最终稳定至82%.生物量与亚硝酸盐的质量比为1 200时,反应体系对S2-的抑制率最高,达到92%,可实现较好的硫酸盐还原过程抑制效果;该工艺对其抑制率可保持在92%左右,具有较好的稳定性.形成的反硝化颗粒污泥为棕褐色,基本为椭球形和球形,表面光滑且密实.反硝化抑制前,颗粒污泥的粒径多分布于1.0~1.4 mm,平均粒径为1.17 mm,经反硝化抑制后,粒径多分布在1.2~1.6 mm,平均粒径为1.21 mm,反硝化抑制过程促进污泥粒径的小幅增加;形成的反硝化颗粒污泥平均沉速为47.6 m·h~(-1),沉降性能较好.PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,反硝化抑制作用使微生物菌种由18种减少至14种,优势菌种由4种减至3种,多样性降低,反硝化抑制前后微生物种群相似性为62.6%,种群结构发生较大改变,优势菌群由SRB演变为DNB,SRB优势菌种由4种减至2种,同种菌的丰度明显降低;反硝化抑制过程的主要功能菌为Uncultured Sulfurimonas sp.,是一种自养型反硝化细菌,与SRB抢夺电子并占优势,抑制硫酸盐还原过程及SRB生长繁殖,从而抑制硫化物的产生.