生产低硫汽油的新技术

介绍了我国及欧美等国家车用汽油标准中对硫含量的规定，以及降低催化汽油硫含量的几种工艺方法，特别是新发展起来的FCC脱硫助剂、FCC脱硫催化剂和膜分离等技术。采用新的脱硫技术可以在不同程度上降低催化汽油的硫含量。适应不同的脱硫要求，为炼油厂生产低硫汽油提供了更多的技术选择。     

湿式脱硫除尘技术在开发应用中的几点看法

当前,随着经济的快速发展,全国燃煤量不断增加,二氧化硫、烟尘超标排放已导致严重的环境污染问题.二氧化硫、烟尘排放量的控制,可采用选用清洁煤,改变燃烧技术及末尾脱硫除尘技术.比较而言,烟气除尘脱硫技术是一种技术成熟较为经济的应用技术.其中湿式脱硫除尘技术已得到广泛推广与应用,但该技术中仍存在不能消除黑烟、二氧化硫脱除不稳定因素多、设备腐蚀问题.本文通过对实际测试结果分析及脱硫效率影响因素的分析,提出了相应的看法与建议.     

火电厂大气污染物排放标准对区域酸沉降影响的数值模拟

设计了火电厂实施2003版排放标准和2011版排放标准两种排放情景,运用Models-3/CMAQ模型系统分别模拟各情景到2015年的硫、氮沉降量,探讨2011版火电排放标准对我国大陆地区酸沉降的影响.研究表明,2011版火电标准能够有效改善我国的硫沉降状况,相比于实施2003版标准,2011版标准实施后至2015年我国大陆硫沉降总量降低了18.58%,年均硫沉降强度大于3.2t/km2的面积减少了86.40%;2011版火电标准对我国氮沉降状况也起到了一定的改善作用,标准实施后到2015年我国大陆氮沉降总量降低了9.28%,年均氮沉降强度大于4.0t/km2的面积减少了27.27%.     

华南地区酸沉降的硫同位素组成及其环境意义

为探讨华南珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊及其周边地区的酸沉降硫源,分别对大气降水、大气SO₂、气溶胶和工业用煤、重油及其燃烧产物进行了硫同位素组成测定.研究结果表明,珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊地区的大气降水硫同位素组成有明显的差异,其大气降水δ³⁴S值的变化范围分别为1.9‰～10.3‰和-4.8‰～-0.1‰.湘桂走廊地区大气降水明显的富集轻硫同位素(32S),而珠江三角洲地区则富集重硫同位素(34S).在煤、重油燃烧过程中硫同位素分馏效应研究基础上,将该地区酸雨硫源区分为4种类型,即人为成因硫、天然生物硫、海雾硫和远距离传输硫.在定量计算不同硫源对酸雨贡献的基础上.提出人为成因硫是珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊地区最强的污染硫源,而生物硫在夏季贡献突出,其贡献率分别为47%和52%.传输硫在冬季贡献率可达49%.上述结果,对研究治理华南地区的酸雨具有重要意义.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

Expression of sulfur uptake assimilation-related genes in response to cadmium, bensulfuron-methyl and their co-contamination in rice roots

The responses of sulfur （S） uptake assimilation-related genes＇ expression in roots of two rice cultivars to cadmium （Cd）, bensulfuron-methyl （BSM） and their co-contamination （Cd＋BSM） were investigated by gene-chip microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR （QRT-PCR） technology. Treatments of Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate transporter and permease genes, and promoted sulfate uptake in rice roots. Cd＋BSM could alleviate Cd toxicity to cv. Fengmeizhan seedlings, probably due to Cd＋BSM promoting greater S absorption by seedlings. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate assimilation-related genes, and thus activated the sulfur assimilation pathway. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of phytochelatin synthase and metallothionein genes, and induced expression of glutathione S-transferases （GSTs）, glutathione synthase （GS） and S- containing antioxidation enzyme genes, which detoxified Cd2＋. It is suggested that （to cope with the toxicity of Cd, BSM and their co-contamination） the S uptake and assimilation pathway was activated in rice roots by increased expression of related genes, thus enhancing the supply of organic S for synthesis of Cd or BSM resistance-related substances.     

硫黄联合装置停工密闭吹扫的实现

介绍了中国石化济南分公司硫黄回收联合装置安全环保停工的过程,在硫黄回收联合装置停工前,研究讨论各装置停工密闭吹扫的流程及方法,并确定各装置停工吹扫的顺序、注意事项和前期准备工作。在各装置停工吹扫过程中,严格按照停工方案,采取了分装置吹扫,该装置吹扫完毕后立即加盲板隔离,最后放火炬公用系统采取倒吹扫,实现了装置停工密闭吹扫,达到了各装置停工酸性气系统吹扫不放火炬的要求。     

激光烧蚀皮革过程中的废气成分研究

皮革在激光烧蚀过程中会产生大量具有恶臭气味的有机废气,严重影响空气质量。为了评估该类型气体危害,分别利用紫外可见分光光度计和气相色谱-质谱联用仪,检测了天然皮革和人造革在激光烧蚀过程中的废气成分。结果显示烧蚀天然皮革所产生的废气中含有NO、NO2、SO2、二氨基丙烷和丙烯酸甲酯,烧蚀人造革所产生的废气中含有NO、NO2、甲硫醇、二硫化碳、乙二醇、二甲基二硫醚、丙二醇、乙二醇二甲醚和硫代乙酸甲酯。其中,甲硫醇、二硫化碳、二甲基二硫醚和乙二醇二甲醚都是产生恶臭的有机成分。研究为该类型废气的治理提供了基础数据和依据。     

黄单胞菌生物滴滤塔处理硫化氢能力及产物研究

以黄单胞菌为硫氧化菌种挂膜于生物滴滤塔,研究其去除能力及产物.通过测定压降、生物量确定挂膜时间,以进出气口浓度变化反映去除效率,测定营养液pH值变化,用SEM电镜扫描、能谱分析、X射线衍射对产物进行分析.结果表明,黄单胞菌挂膜时间为4 d,持续运行,菌种均匀地分布于填料表面;保持气体流量为1 L/min,H_2S气体质量浓度在2 000 mg/m~3以下时,去除率大于90.5%,单位体积最大生化去除量为43.23 g/(m~3·h);以10 d为周期添加营养,系统的pH值在5～7;自然沉降得到的黄色颗粒状沉淀粒径为3.161～31.90 μm;能谱分析表面主要成分为C、O、S,应该为微生物和S系物;X射线衍射分析表明干燥粉末的主要无机物质存在形态为S单质.塔在弱酸环境运行,能减少对装置的腐蚀,营养液中通过物理沉降、过滤、低速离心的简单手段,就能回收产物S单质.     

电厂脱硫产物的处置和综合利用

本文通过对电厂脱硫产物成份的分析,并类比国外技术论述其贮存处置方法,脱硫产物综合利用的用途及合理性.