电化学氢自养与硫自养集成去除饮用水中的硝酸盐

研究了一种电化学氢自养与硫自养集成去除饮用水中硝酸盐的方法，将2种自养反硝化集成，既可减少以硫作为电子供体产生的SO4^2-，也可以使硫自养反硝化产生的H^ 作为电化学产氢的前驱物。同时，在硫自养段可不添加调pH的CaCO3，避免了出水的硬度升高。试验结果表明，在反应器的水力停留时间（HRT）为1．9－5h，最小电流相应为3－16mA时，NO3^--N去除率达90％以上，出水中NO3^--N和SO4^2-浓度分别低于3．0mg/L和170mg/L,NO2^--N未检出，硫段和电氢段出水pH值均维持在中性附近。     

二氧化氯催化氧化—曝气生物滤池法深度处理造纸废水

采用二氧化氯催化氧化法—BAF法深度处理造纸废水,实验结果表明:在二氧化氯加入量为150mg/L,催化氧化时间为40min时,可生化性BOD5/COD最高达到0.316;二氧化氯氧化后出水经曝气生物滤池深度处理后,BOD5低于20mg/L,COD低于90mg/L,TSS低于30mg/L,处理后水质完全达到国家新的排放标准(GB3544—2008)。     

Oxidation of SO2 in Clouds at Whiteface Mountain

In-cloud oxidation of SO₂ byH₂O₂ was investigated using a tracertechnique based on SO^2– ₄/Se ratios atWhiteface Mountain, New York during summer months from1990 to 1998. Cloud water samples collected at themountain's summit (1.5 km above mean sea level) andaerosols at a below cloud site (Lodge) located at 0.6km amsl and in cloud interstitial air at the summitwere analyzed for SO^2– ₄ and selectedtrace elements. Gaseous SO₂ andH₂O₂were measured in realtime. Cloud water pH wasgenerally below 5.0 with a mean value of 3.6. Theresults show that significant in cloud oxidation occursin clouds during summer months varying from belowdetection to 62% with on average approximately 24% ofthe cloud water SO^2– ₄ produced from in-situ SO₂ oxidation. During summer the clouds wereoxidant limited for approximately one third of thetime.     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

TiO_2中空微球的制备及其对罗丹明B的光催化降解

采用一步水热法,以TiCl_4,H_2O_2,KBF4为原料,制备了TiO_2中空微球。采用SEM和XRD技术对TiO_2中空微球的形貌和结构进行了表征。以罗丹明B为模拟降解物,研究了TiO_2中空微球的光催化降解活性;并对TiO_2中空微球的生长机制进行了探讨。表征结果显示,制得的TiO_2中空微球呈锐钛矿型,颗粒分散均匀,外径约为3μm。实验结果表明,在紫外光照射下,加入1 g/L的TiO_2中空微球,处理初始质量浓度为20 mg/L、溶液p H为7的罗丹明B溶液,降解时间为120 min时,罗丹明B降解率可达93.38%。     

亚热带稻区大气NO2、HNO3及硝态氮污染特征及干湿沉降

二氧化氮(NO_2)和硝酸(HNO_3)是大气中的酸性含氮污染气体,是形成气溶胶和雨水硝态氮的重要前体物质,在高强度的大气氮氧化物排放下,我国亚热带稻区农业生态系统大气NO_2、HNO_3气体及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮污染特征及其干湿沉降量尚不清楚.本研究选取我国亚热带丘陵区一个典型双季稻区,对大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、气溶胶和雨水硝态氮浓度及相关气象因子进行了同步监测,旨在明确大气NO_2-N、HNO_3-N及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮浓度特征及其影响因素,并定量其干湿沉降量.结果表明,大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、大气颗粒物PM_(10)中NO_3~--N_p、雨水中NO_3~--N_r年均浓度分别为4.2μg·m~(-3)、0.7μg·m~(-3)、4.0μg·m~(-3)和1.0 mg·L~(-1),年氮沉降量分别为1.5、3.2、2.3和6.1 kg·hm~(-2).NO_2-N浓度与气温呈负相关;HNO_3-N浓度与风速呈负相关;NO_3~--N_p浓度与气温呈负相关,与NO_2-N浓度呈正相关,与HNO_3-N浓度未显著相关,表明NO_2-N浓度在本研究区域是形成NO_3~--N_p污染的重要限制因子;NO_3~--N_r浓度与降雨量呈负相关,与HNO_3-N浓度和NO_3~--N_p浓度呈正相关.本研究区域大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、NO_3~--N_p及雨水NO_3~--N_r年总干湿沉降量为13.0 kg·hm~(-2),是稻田重要的氮素来源,对稻田及周边生态系统的影响不容忽视.     

Transformation of mercury speciation through the SCR system in power plants

Coal-fired utility boilers are now identified as the largest source of mercury in the United States. There is speculation that the installation of selective catalytic reduction （SCR） system for reduction of NOx can also prompt the oxidation and removal of mercury. In this paper, tests at six full-scale power plants with similar type of the SCR systems are conducted to investigate the effect of the SCR on the transformation of mercury speciation. The results show that the SCR system can achieve more than 70%-80% oxidation of elemental mercury and enhance the mercury removal ability in these units. The oxidation of elemental mercury in the SCR system strongly depends on the coal properties and the operation conditions of the SCR systems. The content of chloride in the coal is the key factor for the oxidization process and the maximum oxidation of elemental mercury is found when chloride content changes from 400 to 600 ppm. The sulfur content is no significant impact on oxidation of elemental mercury.     

含铁物质对燃煤污染特性的影响

利用DTA-TG-DTG设备实验研究了FeCl₃、FeCl₂和Fe₂O₃等含铁物质对燃煤污染特性的影响.结果表明:实验所用的几种含铁化合物均能够改变燃煤污染物的排放规律,但不同种类的含铁物质对燃煤污染特性影响机理不同,所取得的污染物减排效果也不同.在煤燃烧以及煤中S与N向SO₂及NO转化的过程中,FeCl₃既起到催化剂的作用,同时又起吸收剂的作用.FeCl₃催化作用表现在降低了SO₂和NO生成反应的表观活化能,使SO₂和NO能够在较低温度时迅速形成,加快了SO₂和NO生成反应的速率.FeCl₃的催化效果与S在煤中的存在形态有关.FeCl₃的吸收作用表现在FeCl₃本身能够参与SO₂的吸收反应生成FeSO₄或Fe₂(SO₄)₃.此外,FeCl₃还能够改变CO的排放特性,即能够改变煤的燃烧特性.FeCl₂对烟气中SO₂、NO和CO排放特性的影响与FeCl₃相似,但影响效果比FeCl₂₃略差.Fe₂O₃也能够降低烟气中SO₂和NO的体积分数,但Fe₂O₄只是吸收剂,对SO₂和NO的生成过程没有催化作用.Fe₂O₃对CO排放特性的影响不大.     

Emissions trading,equity, and sustainability: the case for allocating entitlements to “individuals-in-community”

Given the likelihood that a post-Kyoto climate change agreement will include provisions for trading greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rights (carbon credits), it is timely and important to look more closely into the merits (or otherwise) of emissions trading systems (ETS), in particular with regard to the issue of the allocation and distribution of entitlements. Thus far, ETSs and other tradable permit systems have allocated entitlements to those historically responsible for emissions or the exploitation of resources (the “grandfathering” principle). There are, however, strong reasons for challenging this practice, and for advocating the allocation of entitlements to all people, in line with the per capita distribution principle. This article argues that GHG emission rights, if they are to be granted, should be distributed on a globally determined equal per capita basis, but collectively managed by community bodies (Community Carbon Trusts) on an “individuals-in-community” basis, instead of being granted or sold by governments to (big) emitters. The approach advocated here is not only ethically more justified, but also strengthens the capacity of communities to deal with climate change and to advance sustainability. It offers an example of how a significant environmental challenge can be met in a more positive way than by the prevailing approaches based on narrow, mainly economic, considerations.     

工业废弃物在煤燃烧过程中脱硫行为的研究

提出了采用工业废弃物作为煤燃烧高温脱硫剂和催化促进剂的思路，对催化促进脱硫的机理进行试验研究，在此基础上提出几种不同配方的脱硫添加剂，并进行详细的试验研究，最终在6t/h工业链条上取得50％左右脱硫率的结果。