Comparative lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction potential for typical petrochemical enterprises in China

Petrochemical enterprises have become a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, due to the unavailability of basic data, there is still a lack of case studies to quantify GHG emissions and provide petrochemical enterprises with guidelines for implementing energy conservation and emission reduction strategies. Therefore, this study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis to estimate the GHG emissions of four typical petrochemical enterprises in China, using first-hand data, to determine possible emission reduction measures. The analytical data revealed that Dushanzi Petrochemical (DSP) has the highest GHG emission intensity (1.17 tons CO₂e/ton), followed by Urumqi Petrochemical (UP) (1.08 tons CO₂e/ton), Dalian Petrochemical (DLP) (average 0.58 tons CO₂e/ton) and Karamay Petrochemical (KP) (average 0.50 tons CO₂e/ton) over the whole life cycle. At the same time, GHG emissions during fossil fuel combustion were the largest contributor to the whole life cycle, accounting for about 77.31%–94.27% of the total emissions. In the fossil-fuel combustion phase, DSP had the highest unit GHG emissions (1.20 tons CO₂e), followed by UP (0.89 tons CO₂e). In the industrial production phase, DLP had the highest unit GHG emissions (average 0.13 tons CO₂e/ton), followed by UP (0.10 tons CO₂e/ton). During the torch burning phase, torch burning under accident conditions was the main source of GHG emissions. It is worth noting that the CO₂ recovery stage has "negative value," indicating that it will bring some environmental benefits. Further scenario analysis shows that effective policies and advanced technologies can further reduce GHG emissions.     

A mechanistic study of ciprofloxacin adsorption by goethite in the presence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles

The adsorption behaviors of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, onto goethite (Gt) in the presence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgNPs and TiO₂NPs) were investigated. Results showed that CIP adsorption kinetics in Gt with or without NPs both followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The presence of AgNPs or TiO₂NPs inhibited the adsorption of CIP by Gt. The amount of inhibition of CIP sorption due to AgNPs was decreased with an increase of solution pH from 5.0 to 9.0. In contrast, in the presence of TiO₂NPs, CIP adsorption by Gt was almost unchanged at pHs of 5.0∼6.5 but was decreased with an increase of pH from 6.5 to 9.0. The mechanisms of AgNPs and TiO₂NPs in inhibiting CIP adsorption by Gt were different, which was attributed to citrate coating of AgNPs resulting in competition with CIP for adsorption sites on Gt, while TiO₂NPs could compete with Gt for CIP adsorption. Additionally, CIP was adsorbed by Gt or TiO₂NPs through a tridentate complex involving the bidentate inner-sphere coordination of the deprotonated carboxylic group and hydrogen bonding through the adjacent carbonyl group on the quinoline ring. These findings advance our understanding of the environmental behavior and fate of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the presence of NPs.     

Formation of sulfur oxide groups by SO2 and their roles in mercury adsorption on carbon-based materials

The presence of SO₂ display significant effect on the mercury (Hg) adsorption ability of carbon-based sorbent. Yet the adsorption and oxidation of SO₂ on carbon with oxygen group, as well as the roles of different sulfur oxide groups in Hg adsorption have heretofore been unclear. The formation of sulfur oxide groups by SO₂ and their effects on Hg adsorption on carbon was detailed examined by the density functional theory. The results show that SO₂ can be oxidized into SO₃ by oxygen group on carbon surface. Both C-SO₂ and C-SO₃ can improve Hg adsorption on carbon site, while the promotive effect of C-SO₂ is stronger than C-SO₃. Electron density difference analyses reveal that sulfur oxide groups enhance the charge transfer ability of surface unsaturated carbon atom, thereby improving Hg adsorption. The experimental results confirm that surface active groups formed by SO₂ adsorption is more active for Hg adsorption than the groups generated by SO₃.     

高比表面硫脲改性花生壳炭的制备及对四环素和铜的吸附

以硫脲和磷酸为改性剂,通过一步碳化制备了高活性氮硫共掺杂高比表面改性花生壳炭PBC-NS.探讨了改性花生壳炭PBC-NS吸附单一与混合体系中TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附特性,并研究了改性对TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附的增强作用及机制.结果表明,改性花生壳炭PBC-NS成功引入了砒啶氮、石墨氮、 C—S—C和—SH等氮硫官能团,且改性后比表面积高达1 437 m²·g^-1,比改性前提升了2.6倍.改性花生壳炭PBC-NS对单一体系TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为585mg·g^-1和21.2mg·g^-1,较改性前提升2.6倍和2.7倍;且PBC-NS对混合体系中的TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的饱和吸附量较单一体系提升13mg·g^-1和6.8mg·g^-1.PBC-NS在4次重复使用后对TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附容量仍能达到初始吸附量的66%和70%.等温拟合与现代光谱分析表明,改性使PBC-NS对TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量的大幅提高主要归因于氮硫活性官能位的化学络合和高比表面引起的孔填充共同作用...     

亚热带稻区大气NO2、HNO3及硝态氮污染特征及干湿沉降

二氧化氮(NO_2)和硝酸(HNO_3)是大气中的酸性含氮污染气体,是形成气溶胶和雨水硝态氮的重要前体物质,在高强度的大气氮氧化物排放下,我国亚热带稻区农业生态系统大气NO_2、HNO_3气体及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮污染特征及其干湿沉降量尚不清楚.本研究选取我国亚热带丘陵区一个典型双季稻区,对大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、气溶胶和雨水硝态氮浓度及相关气象因子进行了同步监测,旨在明确大气NO_2-N、HNO_3-N及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮浓度特征及其影响因素,并定量其干湿沉降量.结果表明,大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、大气颗粒物PM_(10)中NO_3~--N_p、雨水中NO_3~--N_r年均浓度分别为4.2μg·m~(-3)、0.7μg·m~(-3)、4.0μg·m~(-3)和1.0 mg·L~(-1),年氮沉降量分别为1.5、3.2、2.3和6.1 kg·hm~(-2).NO_2-N浓度与气温呈负相关;HNO_3-N浓度与风速呈负相关;NO_3~--N_p浓度与气温呈负相关,与NO_2-N浓度呈正相关,与HNO_3-N浓度未显著相关,表明NO_2-N浓度在本研究区域是形成NO_3~--N_p污染的重要限制因子;NO_3~--N_r浓度与降雨量呈负相关,与HNO_3-N浓度和NO_3~--N_p浓度呈正相关.本研究区域大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、NO_3~--N_p及雨水NO_3~--N_r年总干湿沉降量为13.0 kg·hm~(-2),是稻田重要的氮素来源,对稻田及周边生态系统的影响不容忽视.     

中国工业碳排放的因素分解与脱钩效应

采用广义迪氏指数分解法（GDIM）分析2000~2016年中国工业碳排放的驱动因素,并在此基础上,创新性地结合DPSIR框架构建脱钩努力模型测度工业碳排放的脱钩效应.研究结果表明：产出规模效应、技术进步效应、能源消费规模效应和人均碳排放效应是导致工业碳排放增加的主要因素,而产出碳强度效应与技术进步碳强度效应是减少工业碳排放的关键因素;工业碳排放的脱钩效应呈"未脱钩~弱脱钩~强脱钩"的阶段性特点;产出碳强度效应与技术进步碳强度效应是工业碳排放实现强脱钩的决定性因素,同时更需要调整能源结构、降低能源强度与碳排放强度来实现工业碳排放强脱钩.     

活性炭纤维负载柠檬酸铁活化过硫酸氢钾降解罗丹明B的研究

以ACF（活性炭纤维）为载体,制备出一种新的非均相催化剂ACF@Cit-Fe/S〔将Cit-Fe（柠檬酸铁）负载在ACF表面并引入S元素〕,并采用SEM-EDS（电镜-能谱）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）对其进行表征,研究其活化PMS（过硫酸氢钾）降解染料RhB（罗丹明B）的降解效果.结果表明:①ACF表面成功负载了Cit-Fe和S元素,Cit-Fe和S元素的掺杂增强了ACF催化PMS的性能,能有效降解染料RhB,反应120 min时RhB的脱色率达98%.②ρ（ACF@Cit-Fe/S）、c（PMS）对RhB降解有一定的影响,ρ（ACF@Cit-Fe/S）为0.5 g/L、c（PMS）为6 mmol/L是降解RhB（10 mg/L）的最佳投加量.③温度对RhB降解速率的影响符合阿伦尼乌斯模型,通过计算得出活化能为39.47 kJ/mol,降解过程是一个表面反应控制过程.④以叔丁醇、甲醇、苯酚为分子探针的自由基清除试验显示,SO₄-·（硫酸根自由基）和HO·（羟基自由基）是降解反应过程中主要的自由基,其主要存在于催化剂表面及其周围.研究显示,ACF@Cit-Fe/S能用于活化PMS的高级氧化体系中,ACF@Cit-Fe/S表面丰富的电子转移过程导致其活化PMS的能力增强,从而促进SO₄-·和HO·的产生,提高RhB的降解效率.      

DOC+CDPF对重型柴油车排放特性的影响

基于重型转毂试验平台对比研究国Ⅲ重型柴油车加装催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(DOC+CDPF)前后的气态物及颗粒物排放性能,结果表明从市区循环、公路循环到高速循环,原车的CO、THC、CO_2及颗粒质量(PM)排放因子依次减小,NO_x及颗粒数量(PN)排放因子依次增大,颗粒数量浓度随粒径呈双峰分布并且以聚集态颗粒排放为主;加装DOC+CDPF后,各污染物排放因子均有所下降,且下降趋势从市区循环、公路循环到高速循环依次增大,从整个C-WTVC循环来看,CO排放因子下降70.36%,THC排放因子下降72.73%,CO_2排放因子下降17.00%,NO_x排放因子下降7.76%,PM、PN排放因子分别下降93.77%和98.91%,颗粒数量浓度随粒径仍呈双峰分布,但排放以核模态颗粒为主,并且聚集态峰值对应粒径减小.     

闽江河口互花米草与短叶茳芏湿地土壤无机硫形态分布特征及其影响因素

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩不同淹水环境下两条样带(A样带,远离主潮沟且退潮后无积水;B样带,靠近主潮沟且退潮后有积水)上的短叶茳芏湿地和已被互花米草入侵(入侵前为短叶茳芏湿地)的互花米草湿地为研究对象,探讨不同类型湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的分布特征及其主控因素.结果表明,B样带上互花米草湿地和短叶茳芏湿地土壤中的水溶性硫(H_2O-S)和吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)含量总体上低于A样带,而盐酸可溶性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)和盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则高于A样带.短叶茳芏湿地和互米草湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫的含量在两条样带上整体均表现为HCl-Soluble-SH_2O-SAdsorbed-SHCl-Volatile-S,且二者的总无机硫含量分别占其TS含量的9.02%~15.50%和8.04%~12.73%.与短叶茳芏湿地相比,互花米草入侵分别使A样带土壤中H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S、HCl-Volatile-S和总无机硫含量减少了35.2%、36.4%、16.8%、1.8%和26.12%;但使B样带表层土壤的总无机硫含量及0~20 cm土层的HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量分别增加了8.34%、15.34%和5.71%.研究发现,非长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵后可降低湿地土壤有效硫的供给能力;长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵可通过提高土壤中HCl-Soluble-S的含量增加金属硫化物沉淀,而挥发性硫含量的同步增加则可能对植被生长(特别是根系发育)产生不利影响.     

基于PLS-VIP方法的我国居民间接碳排放研究

使用STIRPAT模型、PLS-VIP方法研究间接生活能源消费等因素对我国城乡居民间接碳排放的影响。结果显示:城乡居民间接生活能源消费弹性系数都位居第一位,富有弹性;人口规模、人均GDP的弹性系数为负值,我国人口的扩大以及经济的发展会降低间接CO_2排放量;城乡居民城镇化的弹性系数都为负值,新型城镇化建设能够降低间接碳排放量;农村第三产业比重的弹性系数为负值。最后,提出提高城乡居民间接生活能源使用效率、大力发展农村第三产业等建议。