Changes in Avian and Plant Communities of Aspen Woodlands over 12 Years after Livestock Removal in the Northwestern Great Basin

Abstract: Riparian and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodlands are centers of avian abundance and diversity in the western United States, but they have been affected adversely by land use practices, particularly livestock grazing. In 1990, cattle were removed from a 112,500‐ha national wildlife refuge in southeastern Oregon. Thereafter, we monitored changes in vegetation and bird abundance in years 1–3 (phase 1) and 10–12 (phase 2) in 17 riparian and 9 snow‐pocket aspen plots. On each 1.5‐ha plot, we sampled vegetation in 6 transects. Three times during each breeding season, observers recorded all birds 50 m to each side of the plot's 150‐m centerline for 25 minutes. We analyzed data with multivariate analysis of variance and paired t tests with p values adjusted for multiple comparisons. In both periods, riparian and snow‐pocket aspen produced extensive regeneration of new shoots ( stems/ha and 7079 stems/ha, respectively). By phase 2, a 64% increase in medium‐diameter trees in riparian stands indicated successful recruitment into the overstory, but this pattern was not seen in snow‐pocket stands, where the density of trees was over 2 times greater. By phase 2 in riparian and snow‐pocket stands, native forb cover had increased by 68% and 57%, respectively, mesic shrub cover had increased by 29% and 58%, and sagebrush cover had decreased by 24% and 31%. Total avian abundance increased by 33% and 39% in riparian and snow‐pocket aspen, respectively, ground or understory nesters increased by 133% and 67% and overstory nesters increased by 34% and 33%. Similarly, ground or understory foragers increased by 25% and 32%, aerial foragers by 55% and 57%, and overstory foragers by 66% and 43%. We interpreted the substantial regeneration of aspen shoots, increased densities of riparian forbs and shrubs, and increased avian abundances as a multitrophic‐level response to the total removal of livestock and as substantial movement toward recovery of biological integrity.     

储油罐机械清洗技术实践与探讨

本文以长庆油田咸阳末站2#、4#储油罐为例,系统介绍了机械清洗技术在储油罐清罐方面对安全环保工作的现实意义,对同类企业开展储油罐清洗作业提供了很好的借鉴。     

天津引滦入津水源保护与生态恢复技术

介绍了引滦入津水系的生态特征、水质问题及发展趋势,在此基础上对引滦入津水源保护的应采取的战略方针及生态恢复技术进行了讨论。提出了从汇水区域生态管理入手,控制水体富营养化,建立流域管理与区域管理相结合的新管理模式,水源保护管理工程实行企业化经营管理方式等建议;以及面源污染防治技术、湿地处理系统的设计与建设等研究内容。     

实验室中三氯甲烷废液的回收利用

通过对三氯甲烷废液的回收及用于环境样品阴离子洗涤剂的测定中作为萃取液对比实验,得出回收的三氯甲烷与纯三氯甲烷实验结果一致,经检验,二者无显著性差异。回收后的三氯甲烷不仅能取得良好的实验结果,而且具有一定的经济效益和环境效益。     

MgO改性赤泥复合材料对废水中氮磷的同步回收

为处理高浓度氮磷废水同时实现赤泥资源化利用,通过赤泥负载氧化镁制备高效氮磷回收材料(MgO-RM),用以对废水进行氮磷同步回收.考察了废水初始pH值、废水氮磷比和MgO-RM投加量对氮磷同步回收效果的影响.采用动力学模型和等温吸附模型对回收特性进行了描述,在此基础上利用FTIR、XRD、SEM、BET测试手段对MgO-...     

全自养脱氮颗粒污泥的培养及脱氮性能的恢复与强化

采用交替限氧-厌氧和低充放比(30%)运行模式,在SBR反应器中成功启动全自养脱氮(CANON)工艺,启动过程经历常规硝化主导阶段、短程硝化主导阶段和全自养脱氮阶段,总氮去除速率和总氮去除效率分别达到(312±15)mg/(L·d)和(71.2±4.3)%.培养得到的污泥中颗粒污泥(粒径3300μm)和絮状污泥(粒径<300μm)体积分别占污泥总体积的39%和61%.在自养脱氮性能恶化的SBR反应器进水中长期添加适量N2H4,反应器脱氮性能得以恢复甚至强化,反应器总氮去除速率升高到(480±34)mg/(L·d),颗粒污泥的比例增加到污泥总体积的51%.     

HABR系统实现固相异养与单质硫自养集成反硝化试验

采用连续流运行方式,将含NO₃--N的原水依次通过HABR(复合式厌氧折流板反应器)内添加木屑(第1系统)和硫磺颗粒(第2系统)的2个系统,在温度为(25±1)℃的条件下,将NO₃--N容积负荷由72g/(m3·d)逐渐提高至80和96g/(m3·d),在不需投加传统型外加碳源的条件下实现了固相异养与单质硫自养的集成反硝化. 结果表明:进水NO₃--N容积负荷为96g/(m3·d)时,系统NO₃--N总去除率达到99.0％,第1系统和第2系统对NO₃--N的去除率贡献各为50.0％;系统出水ρ(COD_Mn)为5.74～10.05mg/L,ρ(SO₄2-)为405～870mg/L,并且没有NH₄+-N和NO₂--N的积累. 第1系统产生的碱度能部分中和第2系统内产生的酸,进水、第1系统、第2系统出水pH分别为7.5、7.5～7.6、6.5～7.2,使硫自养反硝化系统呈现出较强的pH平衡能力,不需外加石灰石调节碱度即可为反硝化细菌提供较适宜的中性生存环境. 系统在pH平衡能力和NO₃--N去除效果2个方面均表现出良好的协同作用,并且通过集成反硝化作用弥补了2个系统单独运行时反硝化过程效率低的缺点,较传统异养型生物反硝化降低了运行成本.      

厦门14种主要树种吸收硫及固碳能力

对厦门市14种主要树种吸硫强度以及不同环境(清洁环境和污染环境)对其固碳能力的影响进行研究。结果表明:不同树种叶片的吸硫强度在0.04~1.73 mg/g。单位绿地面积不同树种净化SO2量为8.84~1 513.05kg/(hm2·a),其中天竺桂最大,其次为黄槿、芒果和刺桐,洋紫荆最小。多数树种在污染环境下单位绿地面积年固碳量受到明显抑制,如大叶榕、高山榕、小叶榕和印度紫檀等树种。然而还有些树种其固碳能力在污染环境下受到促进,如鸡冠刺桐、夹竹桃和小叶榄仁,表明这些树种对污染环境有较强的适应能力。综上所述,夹竹桃、小叶榄仁和天竺桂等树种既能吸收相当数量的硫,同时其固碳能力未受到削弱,表明这些树种是适宜在污染环境下种植的树种。     

Challenges to mobilising resources for disaster recovery and reconstruction: perspectives of the Haitian diaspora

Diasporas and diaspora non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) are increasingly important as resource lifelines to their home countries, yet the resources that they mobilise, the types of challenges that they face, and their coping mechanisms are not well explored or understood in the context of disaster recovery. To fill this knowledge gap, this study employed an inductive qualitative methodological approach, using interviews to comprehend the role played by Haitian diaspora NGOs after the catastrophic earthquake in 2010. It found that resources take four common forms: event fundraisers; financial and material donations from supporters; remittances; and volunteer labour. Challenges include an overreliance on diaspora donors, competition among NGOs, and what is perceived as inequitable funding practices towards diaspora NGOs. The findings provide insights centred on better coordination among diaspora NGOs, as well as between diaspora NGOs and other local and international NGOs and local governments and international institutions, to ensure more efficient delivery of services to survivors.     

统计学在垃圾焚烧飞灰浸提液重金属检测准确性研究中的应用

为提高复杂基体重金属检测准确性,在使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法检测生活垃圾焚烧飞灰浸提液时,进行标准曲线法、标准加入法和内标法3种定量校准方法比对。3种方法报出结果经过加标回收率换算后的样品原值具有明显一致性,使用统计学方差齐性和单因素方差分析验证了该一致性成立,表明内标法的精密度和准确度与标准曲线法、标准加入法无显著性差别。以3种方法样品原值的算数平均值作为样品最佳估计值评价各方法实际报出结果准确性,标准加入法准确性最好;稀释后的样品内标法加标回收率明显优于标准规定,受稀释倍数影响不大,工作效率高,满足HJ 781—2016质控要求,建议可作为该标准的补充;建议批量样品检测时优先采用内标法。3种方法样品原值一致性的验证,有助于执法、科研中对于复杂基体重金属物质含量的准确判断。