催化氧化除氨氮/锰滤料活性恢复方式优化研究

以催化氧化除氨氮/锰失活滤料为研究对象,考察了3种不同恢复方式(自然恢复,投加碱度,再次挂膜)对滤料催化氧化氨氮、锰效能的影响.结果表明,自然恢复(1#)滤柱,投加碱度(2#)滤柱,再次挂膜(3#)滤柱分别于4,2,3d后氨氮去除率达到90%以上;逐渐提高氨氮浓度,3#再次挂膜滤柱出水氨氮浓度波动最大,1#自然恢复滤柱恢复期间出水亚硝氮积累时间最长且峰值最高.3根滤柱催化氧化去除锰活性恢复速度均较快.1#自然恢复滤柱和2#碱度恢复滤柱均能在2d内将锰完全去除.3#挂膜滤柱是在停止投加高锰酸钾后5d内实现将进水锰完全去除.氨氮和锰的相互影响实验结果表明,3根滤柱中投加碱度(2#)滤柱表现最优.尽管氨氮抑制锰的去除,但是投加碱度滤柱随着进水氨氮浓度的升高出水锰浓度始终低于0.1mg/L;锰对氨氮的去除影响不显著.XRD分析结果表明,受其表面负载新生成氧化膜的影响,高锰酸钾重新挂膜滤柱的滤料样品的结晶度较差.综合考虑氨氮和锰的活性恢复效率以及挂膜过程中药品的投加,提出采用自然恢复方式最适.     

Ca2+与CO32-协同作用对MAP结晶法去除污泥厌氧消化液中磷的影响

以模拟厌氧消化液为处理对象,进行了磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶实验,考察了p H值、CO2-3、Ca2+以及CO2-3和Ca2+共存对磷酸铵镁结晶反应的影响;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对产物进行了表征.结果表明,随着p H值升高,磷的去除率显著提高,并在p H值为9.5时得到具有良好沉降性能的针状MAP晶体;CO2-3的存在会使磷去除率降低,在实验设定CO2-3浓度最大的条件下,磷去除率降低约17%,同时CO2-3会削弱Ca2+对MAP结晶反应的贡献,但并不改变MAP晶体形态和纯度;Ca2+存在则可以提高P去除率,但对MAP结晶反应抑制作用显著,当体系中n(Ca)/n(Mg)0.65,产物主要以无定形磷酸钙盐为主;在Ca2+与CO2-3共存的体系中,Ca2+可有效地消除CO2-3对除磷效果的影响,随着两者浓度的增加,产物Ca CO3含量增多,磷酸盐则主要以MAP形式沉淀.     

侧流磷回收对低溶解氧EBPR系统性能的影响

实验采用交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)模式运行SBR反应器,考察控制DO=1 mg·L~(-1)条件下提取侧流比为0、1/4、1/3、1/2的厌氧放磷上清液后EBPR系统的脱氮除磷效果及其对应的磷回收性能.整个实验阶段中NH_~+4-N去除率较为稳定,但系统后期COD出水的残余量达到81.3 mg·L~(-1).在未提取侧流比阶段中,平均除磷率为89.4%,提取1/4、1/3侧流比后除磷率不断上升,分别为98.5%、99.0%,但在1/2侧流比之后,除磷性能开始波动,除磷率最低为65.4%.提取侧流比各阶段中,1/3侧流比条件下仅实验初期第一天出水磷浓度未达到一级A标准,该阶段出水达标率93.3%远远大于1/2侧流比的45.5%,但侧流磷回收率随着侧流比的增大而不断升高.实验还发现,提取1/2侧流比后,TN去除率迅速下降至50.9%.因此,提取放磷上清液强化低好氧EBPR系统除磷性能的最优值为1/3侧流比,此时低好氧EBPR系统与侧流磷回收结合可以大大提高经济与环境效益.     

氧化钙燃烧固硫添加剂的研究

在寻找钙基燃烧固硫加剂，并探讨其机理的试验中，研究了碱金属化合物在不同含量，不同温度下对氧化钙固硫率的影响，试验结果表明，一些碱金属化合物能使固硫率增加约１０个百分点左右，采用ＳＥＭ和热天平分析了固硫率提高的原因，提出碱金属化合物提高固硫率的机理在于：低熔点液相共熔物的形成导致ＣａＯ微观结构的改变。     

固硫型煤的生产技术和使用效果

针对链式炉炉内脱硫，设计了固硫型煤生产线，通过测试、试验、生产和实际使用，使固硫型煤满足脱硫要求，同时，节能效果也较明显。另外，对固硫剂、粘结剂的选用和配比作了介绍。     

活性炭吸附回收高含量油气的研究

利用3种活性炭吸附分离汽油蒸汽和空气的混合气,研究了其吸附回收油气的动力学、热力学性能.活性炭ACl、AC3在20℃时的吸附容量分别为0.295 g/g、0.189 g/g,30 ℃时为0.284 g/g、0.165 g/g.活性炭吸附高含量油气时,吸附热高,如吸附油气摩尔分数为0.3 mol/mol时,吸附床温升达50～60 ℃.活性炭导热系数为0.15～0.20 W/m·℃,吸附过程可视为绝热吸附.建立了活性炭吸附油气热效应估算式,可用来评价活性炭吸附容量、进料油气摩尔分数、油气回收率与活性炭温升的关系.活性炭解吸宜先采取真空解吸,在解吸后期适当加入微量微热空气吹扫而深度脱附.解吸操作压力应低于1 kPa,解吸时间可控制在60 min内,热空气温度宜控制在50℃以下.油气吸附分离方法将主要用作其他分离方法的深度处理,以确保油气回收设备尾气达标排放.     

Selective recovery of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from wastewater using bioelectrochemical system

As the bioelectrochemical system, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) and the microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) were developed to selectively recover Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions from wastewater. The wastewater was treated in the cathode chambers of the system, in which Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions were removed by using the MFC and the MEC, respectively. At an initial Cu²⁺ concentration of 500 mg·L^-1, removal efficiencies of Cu²⁺ increased from 97.0%±1.8% to 99.0%±0.3% with the initial Ni²⁺ concentrations from 250 to 1000 mg·L^-1, and maximum power densities increased from 3.1±0.5 to 5.4±0.6 W·m^-3. The Ni²⁺ removal mass in the MEC increased from 6.8±0.2 to 20.5±1.5 mg with the increase of Ni²⁺ concentrations. At an initial Ni²⁺ concentration of 500 mg·L^-1, Cu²⁺ removal efficiencies decreased from 99.1%±0.3% to 74.2%±3.8% with the initial Cu²⁺ concentrations from 250 to 1000 mg·L^-1, and maximum power densities increased from 3.0±0.1 to 6.3±1.2 W·m^-3. Subsequently, the Ni²⁺ removal efficiencies decreased from 96.9%±3.1% to 73.3%±5.4%. The results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of selective recovery of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ from the wastewater using the bioelectrochemical system.     

高分辨双晶X射线荧光光谱测定某些环境样品中硫的化学状态

本文用高分辨双晶X射线荧光光谱仪分析了煤、植物叶、土壤等环境样品中硫的化学状态。同时参照有关方法,设计了较为适用的非线性最小二乘法谱线分离程序。部分样品测定结果与其它方法做了对照比较,其结果基本相近。证明本法是一种样品预处理简便、测定快速而又可靠的化学状态分析方法。     

大港油田含油污泥热解处理实验研究

采用热解法对含油污泥进行处理.经过筛选,选取活性白土作为催化剂,分别研究反应时间、反应温度、加热速率和氮气吹扫量对热解处理效果的影响.4个影响因素对液相收率的影响顺序为:氮气吹扫量＞反应温度＞反应时间＞加热速率;对反应转化率的影响顺序为:反应温度＞反应时间＞氮气吹扫量＞加热速率.实验理想的反应参数为:反应时间60min,反应温度490℃,加热速率4℃/min,氮气吹扫量90 mL/min.     

Strategies for the enhancement of automobile shredder residues (ASRs) recycling: Results and cost assessment

With reference to the European regulation about the management of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs), Directive 2000/53/EC imposes the achievement of a recycling target of 85%, and 95% of total recovery by 2015. Over the last few years many efforts have been made to find solutions to properly manage the waste coming from ELVs with the aim of complying with the targets fixed by the Directive.This paper focuses on the economical evaluation of a treatment process, that includes physical (size and density), magnetic and electrical separations, performed on the light fraction of the automobile shredder residue (ASR) with the aim of reducing the amount of waste to dispose of in a landfill and enhancing the recovery of valuable fractions as stated by the EU Directive. The afore mentioned process is able to enhance the recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous metals of an amount equal to about 1% b.w. (by weight) of the ELV weight, and to separate a high energetic-content product suitable for thermal valorization for an amount close to (but not higher than) 10% b.w. of the ELV weight.The results of the economical assessment led to annual operating costs of the treatment ranging from 300,000 €/y to 350,000 €/y. Since the considered plant treats about 13,500 metric tons of ASR per year, this would correspond to an operating cost of approximately 20–25 €/t. Taking into account the amount and the selling price of the scrap iron and of the non magnetic metal recovered by the process, thus leading to a gain of about 30 €/t per ton of light ASR treated, the cost of the recovery process is balanced by the profit from the selling of the recovered metals. On the other hand, the proposed treatment is able to achieve the fulfillment of the targets stated by Directive 2000/53/EC concerning thermal valorization and reduce the amount of waste generated from ELV shredding to landfill.