Analysis of Long-term Measurements of Airborne Concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide and SO42- in the Rural United Kingdom

During the last two decades, the importance of sulphur dioxide as a pollutant has moved away from its association with suspended particulate matter, to it being a precursor of SO ₄ ^2- aerosol (acidic e.g. sulphuric acid, or neutralised e.g. ammonium sulphate). Co-located concentration data of sulphur dioxide and SO ₄ ^2- , at nine monitoring sites situated in predominantly rural areas in the United Kingdom, collected over the time period 1979–1995, have been analysed. The time series for both species are discussed for the sites. Further analysis has shown that there is a degree of correlation between sulphur dioxide and SO ₄ ^2- for most of the sites considered. This correlation is of approximately the same level for most of the sites taken independently and together, and in most cases the slopes and intercepts associated with the simple empirical model equations arising from the correlation analysis, are of the same order of magnitude. The implementation of these site-dependent model equations within dispersion models for the prediction of the concentration of airborne sulphate aerosol from knowledge of sulphur dioxide concentration is discussed. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed the influence of transported sulphate aerosol on the local concentration, especially during high concentration episodes.     

Dissipation kinetics of alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin residues in aboveground part of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.)

Dissipation of simultaneously applied insecticides alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin was studied in a minor crop, aboveground part of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). A validated gas chromatographic method (GC-ECD/NPD) was used to determine insecticide residues. Analytical performances were very satisfactory, with expanded uncertainties not higher than 14% (coverage factor k = 2, confidence level 95%). Dissipation of alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in white mustard followed first-order kinetics (R² between 0.953 and 0.995), with half-lives of 3.1–4.6 and 2.9–3.7 days respectively. Based on the results of this two-year study and the relevant residue regulation, alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin treatments can be considered safe for crop protection, feeding animals and the environment.     

Effect of vermicomposting on calcium,sulphur and some heavy metal content of different biodegradable organic wastes under liming and microbial inoculation

A study was conducted to evaluate the changes in total calcium and sulphur and some heavy metal (Zn, Cu, and Pb) concentration of different organic wastes affected by liming and microorganism inoculation. Vermicomposting was an effective technology for disposal of organic substrates like municipal solid wastes (MSW), possessing comparatively higher concentration of heavy metals. The addition of lime in initial organic substrates significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased total calcium and total sulphur content of vermicomposts. Inoculation of microorganisms significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the heavy metal content of final products as compared to control. Fungal strains were comparatively more effective in detoxification of heavy metals than B. polymyxa.     

Genotypic variation of nitrogen use efficiency in Indian mustard

This experiment was conducted to investigate the variation of nitrogen efficiency (NE), nitrogen uptake efficiency (UE), physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PUE) among Indian mustard genotypes, grown under N-insufficient and N-sufficient conditions. Nitrogen efficiency varied from 52.7 to 92.8. Seed yield varied from 1.14 t ha(-1) to 3.21 t ha(-1) under N-insufficient condition, while 2.14 t ha(-1)-3.33 t ha(-1) under N-sufficient condition. Physiological basis of this difference was explained in terms of nitrogen uptake efficiency and physiological nitrogen use efficiency, and their relationship with the growth and yield characteristics. While nitrogen uptake efficiency was positively correlated with plant biomass (0.793**), leaf area index (0.664*), and leaf nitrogen content (0.783**), physiological nitrogen use efficiency is positively correlated with photosynthetic rate (0.689**) and yield (0.814**). This study suggests that genotype having high nitrogen uptake efficiency and high physiological nitrogen use efficiency might help in reducing the nitrogen load on soil without any penalty on the yield.     

大气沉降向林地(小叶栎)输入硫素通量的观测

利用中国科学院红壤生态试验站森林小气候观测站(江西鹰潭)逐时气象梯度参数连续自动观测数据,采用阻力模式计算SO₂、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)粒子的干沉降速率(Vd),结合大气SO₂、SO₄^2-粒子浓度现场测定,研究了该地2年大气硫沉降量.结果表明,2000年大气SO₂和SO₄^2-粒子时年Vd值分别为0.748cm/s、0.665cm/s;2002年分别为0.180cm/s、0.221cm/s.2000和2002年大气干沉降硫(SO₂+SO₄^2-粒子)通量分别为104.6kgS/(hm2a)和140.6kgS/(hm2a),SO2干沉降是大气干沉降主要贡献者,占98.38%和97.2%;大气沉降硫总量分别为150kgS/(hm2a)和185kgS/(hm2a);可见大气干沉降是大气硫沉降主要贡献者,分别占70%和76.2%.     

苏中热电厂环保氨法脱硫实例分析

通过对苏中热电厂环保氨法脱硫处理实例的详细分析,介绍了氨法脱硫的调试运行情况,并对运行结果进行了一定的归纳和讨论。     

响应面法优化电化学法处理高盐榨菜废水工艺

针对榨菜废水中较高的盐度对微生物的抑制和处理效能不稳定问题,开展电化学法处理高盐榨菜废水的实验研究。利用响应面法(RSM)探讨了榨菜废水COD的去除率与电流密度、极板间距和pH值之间的关系。通过Design-Ex-pert 7.1数据处理软件得到一个二次响应曲面模型以及优化的水平值。结果表明,最佳反应条件为电流密度为12.37 A/dm2,极板间距为18.82 mm,pH为5.92,此条件下COD去除率为83.21%(预测值为83.25%)。二次响应曲面方差分析结果表明,回归模型达到显著性水平,在研究区域内拟合较好,模型的精密度、可信度和精确度均在可行范围内,与实验结果吻合程度较高。     

珠江口红树林硫的累积和循环研究

主要研究了珠江口红树林硫的累积和循环特点，并探讨其对土壤中硫累积的影响．结果表明，珠江口五个红树群落硫的贮存量平均为１７０．４２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；在群落硫元素的生物循环中，年存留量平均为１７．６０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年归还量平均为３５．６０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年吸收量平均为５３．２０４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，周转期为３－８ａ，富集率均大于１．选定浅海沉积物的平均含硫量作为林下土壤成土母质的本底含硫量，估算红树植物生长后土壤含硫量的变化，并与群落硫的年归还量作比较．红树林对其林下土壤硫的累积作用有两方面，一是对海水硫的生物选择吸收与归还，二是为海水中的ＳＯ４（２－）为黄铁矿提供有机还原剂和嫌气微生物的能源，尤以后者的作用更重要．     

重庆市铁山坪2001~2010年酸沉降变化

我国"十一五"期间实现了全国二氧化硫(SO2)排放总量削减10%以上的目标,但氮氧化物(NO x)排放量仍持续增长.为了评估排放的变化对酸沉降控制的效果,2001~2010年在重庆铁山坪连续开展了10 a的穿透水观测,结果表明该地区硫沉降有明显的下降趋势,而氮沉降有明显的上升趋势,总体上酸沉降有所下降.以上趋势和重庆市同期SO2排放量有所下降而NO x排放量持续增长的趋势是一致的,这表明我国酸沉降控制取得一定的效果.但是,2010年重庆铁山坪的穿透水硫沉降量和氮沉降量分别达到9.9 keq·(hm2·a)-1和4.5 keq·(hm2·a)-1.如果以此作为总沉降量的近似,将可能存在硫沉降被高估28%,氮沉降被低估50%的不确定性.以上硫沉降和氮沉降水平均达到甚至超过欧美在历史上酸沉降最严重时期的水平,表明重庆地区的酸沉降问题依然严重.     

现代煤化工行业二氧化硫排放特征分析及对策建议

随着新型煤化工行业在国内的迅猛发展,由此带来的大气污染问题不容忽视.本文通过对我国已建的大型煤化工项目进行调研,研究不同煤化产品的生产工艺、二氧化硫产生机理;对典型煤化工项目做硫平衡分析,估算煤化工工艺过程中的非正常排放情况.结果表明：生产装置开停车或出现故障时的非正常排放具有瞬间产生浓度高、排放量大等特点,是当前我国新型煤化工产业最重要的二氧化硫排放来源.