通过屋顶暴露方法模拟聚碳酸酯微塑料在长江水样的长期老化行为

由于较低的自然老化速率,微塑料在实际水体长期户外暴露过程中老化行为的数据仍较缺乏.通过聚碳酸酯（Polycarbonate,PC）微塑料在长江表层水样的18个月户外暴露试验以揭示自然老化过程对微塑料表面特征及对金属离子(Cr⁶⁺和Co²⁺)吸附行为的重要影响.结果显示,户外暴露改变了PC微塑料的理化性质,包括表面开裂、粒径降低、亲水性和熔点增加以及表面氧化（产生羰基和羟基）.同时,户外老化过程明显影响微塑料对金属离子的吸附行为.原始和低老化程度PC对金属离子的吸附主要通过物理作用控制,而高老化程度微塑料由于产生含氧功能团对金属离子的吸附主要由化学过程如络合和共价键等作用控制.并且,不同老化程度PC微塑料对Cr⁶⁺和Co²⁺的吸附性能不同.对于Cr⁶⁺,PC的吸附性能随其老化程度增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,然而对于Co²⁺,平衡吸附性能随老化程度增加呈增加的趋势.户外老化过程产生含氧官能团、破碎和开裂以及生物膜可能是影响吸附性能的主要因素.本研究证实了长期户外...     

城市河网区河流沉积物磷形态分布特征及释放贡献

以嘉兴城市河网区为研究区域,在调查区域水质和沉积物磷空间变化特征的基础上,分析沉积物中各形态磷的垂直与空间赋存状态,通过吸附释放参数计算EPC₀值,明确了沉积物-水界面磷迁移影响因素和沉积物中活跃磷素的释放风险和贡献.结果表明,研究区域水质氮磷污染较为严重,沉积物TP含量均值呈北部河网区>西部河网区>南部河网区,基于单因子指数法的生态风险评价为Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级的样本比例分别为10.91%、25.45%和63.64%.沉积物各形态磷整体呈现TP>IP>HCl-P>NaOH-P>OP,沉积物生物有效磷（BAP）整体呈现Olsen-P>AAP>WSP>RDP;在沉积物垂直剖面中,部分位点受到外界因素的强烈影响垂向波动较大,整体上是随深度的递增而减小,这与近年来研究区域接收的外源磷积累过程在加重有关.相关性分析表明,沉积物磷吸附容量（Q_max）与铁铝氧化物呈显著相关性 （p<0.05）;释放参数EPC₀与TP、IP与HCl-P呈显著相关性 （p<0.05）.结合BAP形态,研究区域河流沉积物NaOH-P、HCl-P、AAP、Olsen-P及WSP存在较高的释放潜力.南部河网区沉积物主要呈现磷“源”角色,西部和北部河网区部分区域沉积物充当磷“源”角色.南部河网区在长短时间尺度下的磷主要释放形态为NaOH-P、HCl-P和OP,北部河网区在长时间尺度下主要释放磷形态为NaOH-P、HCl-P,西部河网区在短时间尺度下主要释放形态以HCl-P为主,在长时间尺度下3种磷形态的释放风险仍然较高.     

未来RCP4.5情景下黄海DMS浓度变化模拟与分析

使用CORDEX-EA过去气候态(2000-2009年)与RCP4.5情景下近未来气候态(2041-2050年)大气强迫结果驱动中国东部陆架海域耦合DMS模块生态模型,模拟了黄海过去及近未来表层DMS浓度(C_DMS),探究了黄海近未来C_DMS时空分布的变化及其影响因素.结果表明:近未来黄海C_DMS的年循环发生变化,北黄海C_DMS极高值出现月份由5、9月转变为4、10月,南黄海由4、9月转变为4、8月;局部C_DMS高值区也发生变化,春季山东半岛附近海域、夏季苏北浅滩、南黄海中东部、秋季南黄海东部C_DMS高值区加强,夏季山东半岛附近C_DMS高值区减弱.近未来热通量、风应力对山东半岛、南黄海中东部海域C_DMS影响较大;降水量、云量对西朝鲜湾C_DMS的影响占优;苏北浅滩C_DMS受多个气候因子共同作用.     

正渗透去除地表水中DOM的效能研究

采用经砂滤处理后的滆湖水作为原料液,氯化钠溶液作为汲取液,在不同影响因素条件下进行正渗透试验,并对试验后的膜片进行清洗,探究膜污染的可逆性.结果表明:提高汲取液浓度、运行温度及膜面流速均可有效增加膜通量;正渗透对滆湖水体中的溶解性微生物代谢产物、类色氨酸、类富里酸和腐殖酸四种主要DOM成分均有较好的去除效果,DOC、UV₂₅₄截留率均在96%以上;短期运行通过水力清洗几乎可以完全恢复膜通量,而长期运行通过超声清洗可以基本恢复全部膜通量,通过分析膜清洗液可知造成膜污染的主要物质为类色氨酸类和类富里酸类物质.     

Antibiotics along an alpine river and in the receiving lake with a catchment dominated by grazing husbandry

The livestock breeding industries face overuse of antibiotics, which has been intensively studied in recent years. However, the occurrence and fate of antibiotics as well as their potential threats to the aquatic environments in alpine and arid regions remain unclear. This study investigated the relationship of the occurrence and concentrations of antibiotics between the Kaidu River and Bosten Lake in a typical alpine basin in China. Hot spots with antibiotic pollution source were explored. The antibiotic concentrations in river water and suspended sediment (SPS) were 2.20-99.4 ng/L and 1.03-176 ng/g. The dominant antibiotics were tetracyclines, sulphacetamide, and ofloxacin in river water and sulfonamides, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and ofloxacin in SPS. The apparent differences in pollution sources and landscapes in different reaches led to the obvious spatial patterns of antibiotics in the Kaidu River. Higher partition coefficient of antibiotic between SPS and water phases for sulfonamides than tetracyclines was because that tetracyclines strongly responded to clay contents while sulfonamides significantly responded to organic carbon contents in SPS. There were significant differences in detected antibiotic categories between the river and the lake. Fluoroquinolones (especially ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) were detected in the lake while sulphacetamide was only detected in the river. Therefore, the surrounding husbandry and aquaculture around the Bosten Lake was an important antibiotic pollution source in addition to inputs from the Kaidu River. This research suggested that alpine lakes could be an important sink of antibiotics in alpine dry regions, and thus impose greater threats to the aquatic ecosystem.     

白洋淀上覆水及沉积物中微塑料赋存特征

为探究我国白洋淀淡水环境中微塑料的赋存特征,于2021年10月通过野外采样、实验室预处理、显微镜观察和激光红外光谱测定等方法鉴定了淀区10份上覆水及10份沉积物样品中微塑料的丰度分布、形状、粒径和聚合物类型,并通过Stokes沉降公式研究了微塑料在上覆水-沉积物界面的沉降规律,对其污染特征及潜在来源进行分析.结果表明,淀区上覆水及沉积物中微塑料丰度范围分别为474～19 382 n·m^-3和95.3～29 542.5 n·kg^-1,平均值为6 255.4 n·m^-3和11 088 n·kg^-1.上覆水中的微塑料主要聚合物为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯[PET,(17.20±0.26)%],沉积物中微塑料以氯化聚乙烯[CPE,(46.11±1.30)%]为主.淀区内微塑料的沉降速度从0.079 3～111.754 7 mm·s^-1不等,粒径大的颗粒沉降速度较高,易沉降并保留在沉积物中.研究区微塑料污染主要来源为洗涤废水产生的纺织纤维排放,船舶漆、船舶橡胶和建筑材料磨损等过程.     

长江三角洲地表水环境污染规律及调控对策

根据野外实地考察和定点观测数据 ,结合历年环境监测资料 ,初步揭示了长江三角洲地表水环境污染的现状与近十年来的时空演变规律 :河网干流水质基本良好 ,中小河流污染突出 ;城市河流有机污染严重 ,普遍出现水体黑臭现象 ;湖泊氮磷含量逐年增高 ,水体富营养化加剧 ;市郊小城镇河网水质急剧恶化 ,已成为新的水环境污染中心。造成长江三角洲地表水环境污染的主要物源包括工业废水和生活污水、畜禽粪便、农田化肥、底泥等。针对上述污染规律和成因机制 ,提出了相应的调控对策。     

底泥疏浚对太湖内源及底栖生物恢复的影响

底泥疏浚对湖泊内源削减具有重要的作用,是富营养化湖泊内源治理的重要技术之一.以太湖疏浚区为对象,估算了近十余年疏浚对内源负荷的削减量,并评估了太湖北部竺山湖和梅梁湖的底泥疏浚效果.结果表明,太湖累计疏浚的4 200万m³底泥,共计清除了底泥中氮约6.26万t,总磷约1.83万t,有机质约117万t,相当于清除了蓄积于底泥中二十余年的外源污染物输入量.对于外源控制较好的梅梁湖,底泥疏浚后5 a内水质改善明显,随后出现反弹,但仍有效削减了表层底泥总氮和总磷含量.相反,对于外源输入仍较大的竺山湖,疏浚十余年后,底泥内源又回复到浚前水平.对竺山湖疏浚区开展了长达6 a的底栖生物群落跟踪评估,发现疏浚初期对底栖生物群落具有一定的影响,但浚后2 a,底栖生物密度与生物量等指标已接近浚前水平. 6 a后,疏浚区与未疏浚区的底栖生物群落多样性指数已无差别.结果也表明,底泥疏浚对湖体内源具有较好的控制效果,且疏浚效果维持程度与外源输入强度密切相关.此外,长期来看,疏浚区底栖生物群落依靠自恢复能力可达到浚前水平,疏浚不会对底栖生物群落结构造成影响.     

长江中上游表层沉积物重金属形态分布特征及风险评价

大坝蓄水显著改变了河流的水文情势,进而影响着河流沉积物的颗粒组成和重金属形态.2019年6～7月,从长江上游金沙江攀枝花市至长江中游湖口县,沿长江干流调查了26个断面,采用欧共体BCR 3步提取法分析了沉积物中8种重金属(As、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)的含量及其赋存形态,并用重金属地累积指数法、沉积物质量基准法和风险评价编码法(RAC)对沉积物重金属污染程度和生物有效性进行风险评价.结果表明,长江上游库区段(金沙江梯级水库段和三峡库区段)从上游至下游沉积物的粒径均值呈减小趋势,沉积物As和Zn全量呈增加趋势,中游段变化规律不明显.沉积物黏粒含量与弱酸提取态Cd和Ni含量呈显著正相关.Cd以残渣态(59.26%)和弱酸提取态(24.67%)为主,Cr(92.41%)和Ni(83.41%)以残渣态为主,As、 Co、 Cu、 Pb和Zn以残渣态和可还原态为主.As、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Ni和Zn污染程度大小为：金沙江段>长江中游段>三峡库区段.Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni和Zn的生物有效性(RAC均值)大小：上游三峡段>中游段&...     

Uncertainty Models for Estimates of Physical Characteristics of River Segments Over Large Areas

Spatially comprehensive estimates of the physical characteristics of river segments over large areas are required in many large‐scale analyses of river systems and for the management of multiple basins. Remote sensing and modeling are often used to estimate river characteristics over large areas, but the uncertainties associated with these estimates and their dependence on the physical characteristics of the segments and their catchments are seldom quantified. Using test data with varying degrees of independence, we derived analytical models of the uncertainty associated with estimates of upstream catchment area (CA), segment slope, and mean annual discharge for all river segments of a digital representation of the hydrographic network of France. Although there were strong relationships between our test data and estimates at the scale of France, there were also large relative local uncertainties, which varied with the physical characteristics of the segments and their catchments. Discharge and CA were relatively uncertain where discharge was low and catchments were small. Discharge uncertainty also increased in catchments with large rainfall events and low minimum temperature. The uncertainty of segment slope was strongly related to segment length. Our uncertainty models were consistent across large regions of France, suggesting some degree of generality. Their analytical formulation should facilitate their use in large‐scale ecological studies and simulation models.