巢湖流域不同土地利用类型地表径流污染特征研究

巢湖是我国五大淡水湖之一,目前正面临着严重的环境污染与水体富营养化问题。通过对巢湖流域塘西地区大豆地,水稻田,菜地,山芋地,小麦地,集镇街道,山坡地,饲养场地,农村道路,湖滩芦苇地,荒地等１１种土地利用类型地表径流污染现状的详细调查与分析,建立了巢湖流域不同土地利用类型地表径流污染研究的一般程序与方法。     

EFFECTS OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON FOREST STREAMWATER QUALITY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY1

ABSTRACT: Forest land managers are concerned about the effects of logging on soil erosion, streamflow, and water quality and are promoting the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control impacts. To compare the effects of BMP implementation on streamwater quality, two of three small watersheds in Kentucky were harvested in 1983 and 1984, one with BMPs, the other without BMPs. There was no effect of clearcutting on stream temperatures. Streamflow increased by 17.8 cm (123 percent) on the BMP watershed during the first 17 months after cutting and by 20.6 cm (138 percent) on the Non-BMP watershed. Water yields remained significantly elevated compared to the uncut watershed 8 years after harvesting. Suspended sediment flux was 14 and 30 times higher on the BMP and Non-BMP Watersheds, respectively, than on the uncut watershed during treatment, and 4 and 6.5 times higher in the 17 months after treatment was complete. Clearcutting resulted in increased concentrations of nitrate, and other nutrients compared to the uncut watershed, and concentrations were highest on the non-BMP watershed. Recovery of biotic control over nutrient losses occurred within three years of clearcutting. The streamside buffer strip was effective in reducing the impact of clearcutting on water yield and sediment flux.     

RUNOFF RESPONSE FROM TWO RECLAIMED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Detailed studies of the surface hydrology of reclaimed surface-mined watersheds for both rainfall and snowmelt events are non-existent for central Alberta yet this information is crucial for design of runoff conveyance and storage structures. A study was initiated in 1992 with principal objectives of quantifying surface runoff for both summer rainfall and spring snowmelt events and identifying the dominant flow processes occurring in two reclaimed watersheds. Snowmelt accounted for 86 and 100% of annual watershed runoff in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The highest instantaneous peak flow was recorded during a summer rainfall event with a return period of greater than 50 years. Infiltration-excess overland flow was identified as the dominant flow process occurring within the Sandy Subsoil Watershed, whereas saturation overland flow was the principal runoff process occurring within the West Watershed.     

假单胞菌XD-1(Pseuomonas XD-1)的产表面活性剂性能研究

从含油废水中分离到1株表面活性剂产生菌,经鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseuomonassp.),命名为XD 1.对假单胞菌XD 1的产表面活性剂性能进行研究,实验结果表明,在正交优化的培养基中发酵培养时,菌XD 1可将培养液的表面张力从70 0mN·m-1降至30 2mN·m-1,其产表面活性剂方式为生长相关型;经提取分析,菌XD 1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类和糖脂类物质的混合物,脂肽类物质为主要成分;菌XD 1所产表面活性剂的CMC值为50mg·L-1,在pH=6 0时表面活性剂表现出最佳活性;菌XD 1所产表面活性剂主要积累在胞内特定的细胞器中,并在细胞壁上产生一层粘附的表面活性剂膜,膜厚140nm,在生长过程中,菌体会将细胞器和细胞壁上的表面活性剂释放到胞外.将培养72h的菌体浸入双蒸水中,6h后菌体能把积累在细胞器和细胞壁上的表面活性剂释放到水体中.     

厦门港表层水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的研究

利用ＧＣ－ＥＣＤ对厦门西港１９９８年７月取得上位表层水体中的１８种有机氯农药（ＨＣＨｓ，ＤＤＴｓ等）和１２种多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）进行分析。其中有机氯农药的浓度范围６．６０～３２．６ｎｇ／Ｌ（其中ＨＣＨｓ：３．５１～２７．８ｎｇ／Ｌ），ｎｇ／Ｌ，ＤＤＴｓ，０．９５～２．２５ｎｇ／Ｌ均值１．４５ｎｇ／Ｌ），多氯联苯的浓度为０．０８～１．６９ｎｇ／Ｌ，同国内外其他港口海区相比较，其污染和蔼相对较低。同时     

芝罘湾沉积物中可提取相重金属研究

讨论了芝罘湾沉积物酸提取相中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｌｉ、Ｋ的分特征，及其在环境中的赋存形式，并与其它海区资料相比，得出该湾沉积物已受到重金属污染的结论。     

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.     

示波极谱法测定地面水中的钒

应用钒（ Ｖ） ５ Ｂｒ Ｐ Ａ Ｄ Ａ Ｐ Ｈ２ Ｏ２ 体 系产生的 络合极 谱波对地 面水中 的钒 进行 了测 定，并 讨论了测试 条件。钒 浓度在 ００１ ～２２５ μｇ／２５ ｍ Ｌ 范围 内极谱 电流与钒 含量呈线 性关系 ，本法具有 较高的选择 性和灵 敏度，测定 地面水 中的钒结 果令人 满意     

东湖沉积物中色素的环境意义研究

介绍了用紫外可见分光光度法测定东湖沉积物中几种指示色素含量的方法及各色素所代表的环境意义,探讨了近百年来东湖地区的环境演化历程。结果表明,近二十多年来,随着该地区工业的发展和人口的大量聚集,东湖已呈现严重的富营养化态势。     

Comparison of Black Carbon,Total Organic Carbon,and PAH Concentrations in Surface Sediments from Two Main Rivers in Henan Province,China

Black carbon (BC) in surface sediments from Henan section of Yellow River and Huaihe River, China, was determined. Average content of BC in Huaihe River was 0.33%, higher than that in Yellow River (n?=?23) with mean value of 0.15%. Distribution patterns of BC in Yellow River and Huaihe River were similar, namely that tributaries had higher BC content than main stream. In addition, BC content in the mainstream of Yellow River and Huaihe River decreased with altitude. The BC content presented a significant positive correlation with clay (r?=?0.672; p?<?0.01) content in Yellow River, while neither did in Huaihe River. The ratio of BC/TOC ranged from 1.8–57.4% (median 29.6%), evidencing pyrogenic fossil fuel source of BC in Yellow River. Relatively low values of BC/TOC in Huaihe River (5.3%–28.8%, median 7.5%,) reflected that the origin of BC is from burning of biomass. In addition, Pearson rank correlation analysis showed that BC was in strong correlation with lighter PAH in Yellow River, while BC was in significant correlation with heavier PAH in Huaihe River. The ratio of BC/TOC indicated that BC in Yellow River mainly came from fossil fuel combustion, while BC in Huaihe River was primarily from biomass burning.