水系沉积物中痕量铈、铅快速同时测定的荧光分析法研究

在研究氯化钾介质中铈(Ⅲ)、铅(Ⅱ)的荧光性质基础上,提出了快速测定铈、铅的荧光分析法。在实验条件下,用262．5nm紫外光激发,以120nm／min扫描300～520nm的发射光谱。其在352．4nm处峰高与2．0×10－8～2．0×10－6mol／LCe3－,在485．0nm处峰高与4．0×10－7～1．0×10－5mol／LPb2－,存在线性关系。该法用于标准水系沉积物分析,结果与标准值无显著性差异。Ce￣(3＋)和Pb￣(2＋)的检出限分别为1．5×10－8和2．0×10－7mol／L。      

Comparison of test procedures for sediment toxicity evaluation with Vibrio fischeri bacteria

The use of bacterial luminescence assays is particularly effective in the contaminated sediment evaluation. In the present study, a comparison was made of different baterial luminescence assays including acute toxicity of elutriates with Microtox® and LUMIStox®; chronic toxicity of elutriates with LUMIStox®; and, acute toxicity of solvent extracts with both the tests and the Solid Phase test with Microtox. The toxicity assay procedures were utilised for the Po River sediment toxicity evaluation, testing samples with different physical and chemical characteristics. The results evidentiated that each sediment test procedures provided indipendent and complementary ecotoxicological responces usefull for a sediment classification of the most polluted samples.     

The kinetics of reductive dehalogenation of a set of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic sediment slurries

Disappearance rate constants are reported for the reductive transformation of 17 halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic sediment-water samples. Statistical experimental design in combination with multivariate chemical characterization of their chemical properties was used to select the compounds. Degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics through at least two half-lives for 15 of the 17 compounds. Of all the compounds investigated, 1,2,3-trichloropropane and dichloromethane were unique in that they were dehalogenated according to zero-order kinetics. Reductive dehalogenation was the sole transformation reaction taking place.     

白洋淀沉积物耗氧速率及氧亏效应研究

沉积物耗氧是影响水体溶解氧平衡的重要因素,受到沉积物有机质矿化的影响.本文采用柱培养法测定了白洋淀不同水文地貌分区和生境类型的表层沉积物耗氧速率(sediment oxygen demand,SOD),并基于地表水质量标准评估了白洋淀沉积物耗氧对水体产生的氧亏效应,探讨了白洋淀SOD与有机质(OM)的关系.结果表明,白...     

东寨港流域地表水水化学组成特征及其成因

为研究滨海地区地表水资源和红树林生态系统的水环境,利用水化学分析、数理统计和Gibbs水-岩分析模型等方法对东寨港流域内演丰西河和三江河两条河流水体的水化学组成和氢氧稳定同位素特征进行分析,揭示了演丰西河和三江河河流地表水的水化学组成特征,讨论了该区域地表水的水化学组分变化及其控制因素.结果 表明:演丰西河地表水的水化...     

三株产甲烷细菌表面层研究

用电子显微镜的负染色技术,对史氏甲烷短杆菌Ｈ１３（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｓｍｉｔｈｉｉ Ｈ１３）、嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｈｅｒｍｏｆｏｒｍｉｃｉｃｕｍ ＣＢ１２） 、拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｃｏｒｐｕｓｃｕｌｕｍ ｌａｂｒｅａｎｕｍ Ｚ） 的表面结构观察比较结果表明：史氏甲烷短杆菌Ｈ１３ 和嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２ 的表面层由规则排列的四边形亚单位组成;前者每个亚单位直径为５～７ ｎｍ ,亚单位之间的中心距离为５ ～８ ｎｍ ,后者亚单位直径为９～１２ ｎｍ ,亚单位之间的中心距离为１１～１４ ｎｍ ．拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ的表面层是条纹和颗粒状或丝状组成的网状结构．每根条纹宽３～４ ｎｍ ,条纹之间的距离为６～８ ｎｍ ．３ 株产甲烷细菌的表面层各不相同,其中嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２ 和拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ的表面层结构十分独特,明显不同于已报道的产甲烷细菌和古细菌的表面层结构．     

“R1-R4” AND “BOISED” SEDIMENT PREDICTION MODEL TESTS USING FOREST ROADS IN GRANITICS1

ABSTRACT: Erosion and sedimentation data from research watersheds in the Silver Creek Study Area in central Idaho were used to test the prediction of logging road erosion using the R1-R4 sediment yield model, and sediment delivery using the “BOISED” sediment yield prediction model. Three small watersheds were instrumented and monitored such that erosion from newly constructed roads and sediment delivery to the mouths of the watersheds could be measured for four years following road construction. The errors for annual surface erosion predictions for the two standard road tests ranged from +31.2 t/ha/yr (+15 percent) to -30.3 t/ha/yr (-63 percent) with an average of zero t/ha/yr and a standard deviation of the differences of 18.7 t/ha/yr. The annual prediction errors for the three watershed scale tests had a greater range from -40.8 t/ha/yr (-70 percent) to +65.3 t/ha/yr (+38 percent) with a mean of -1.9 t/ha/yr and a standard deviation of the differences of 25.2 t/ha/yr. Sediment yields predicted by BOISED (watershed scale tests) were consistently greater (average of 2.5 times) than measured sediment yields. Hillslope sediment delivery coefficients in BOISED appear to be overly conservative to account for average site conditions and road locations, and thus over-predict sediment delivery. Mass erosion predictions from BOISED appear to predict volume well (465 tonnes actual versus 710 tonnes predicted, or a 35 percent difference) over 15 to 20 years, however mass wasting is more episodic than the model predicts.     

有机污染物在水体表面微层的富集行为

研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）,邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）和阴离子表面活性剂在水体表面微层的富集行为．现场分析结果表明邻苯二甲酸酯在小型封闭湖泊表面微层中存在富集现象,富集倍数在１～１１之间,湖水的理化性质及采样方式均影响富集倍数的大小．室内微宇宙研究表明ＤＢＰ和ＤＥＨＰ在微宇宙水体表面微层中均存在富集现象,富集倍数分别为２．８１和１．９８,藻类、颗粒物和腐殖酸也同时在微宇宙水体表面微层中富集．当水体中加入表面活性物质和腐殖酸时,邻苯二甲酸酯（ＤＢＰ、ＤＥＨＰ）在表面微层的富集倍数随加入的２种物质浓度的增大而降低．对阴离子表面活性剂的富集动力学研究表明,当表面微层遭到破坏后,其在表面微层达富集平衡需较长时间,水体浓度也影响富集倍数     

活性炭纤维的表面结构及其吸附模式

迄今的吸附模式,Henry定律、Langmuir模型、BET模型、D-R方程、D-A方程都分别适用于不同的表面结构,对于活性炭纤维（Activated Corbon Fiber,ACF）这种特殊的炭吸附材料适用于哪种吸附模型,未见有文献专题论述。本论文在对ACF材料进行了大量表面结构研究的基础上,对ACF的表面结构与颗粒活性炭（GranularActivated Carbon,GAC）的表面进行了对比,并尝试性地对适用于ACF的吸附模式进行了计算和比较,得到了一些有价值的结论。     

人工湿地系统用于地表水水质改善的效能及特征

在北京官厅水库附近建立潜流人工湿地(总面积:3×20m×2m),芦苇、蒲草混合种植,研究其在不同季节条件下对地表水的处理效能及特征,分析了进水浓度、水力负荷、温度对污染物去除率的影响.结果表明,系统对地表水有较好的处理效果,COD_Mn和NH₄⁺-N的出水浓度与进水浓度的回归关系遵从线性关系;系统对TN、TP的去除率分别为20%～60%和30%～45%;污染物的去除率随温度的降低而降低,随水力负荷率的增加而降低;COD_Mn、NH₄⁺-N和TN的去除率与其进水浓度呈正相关,而TP去除率与其进水浓度呈负相关.并研究建立了潜流湿地冬季运行管理措施.