Evaluation of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) biodegradability in sediment by solid‐phase extraction and HPLC analysis

The linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) sorption on environmental sediments has been known long ago. Their high concentrations reflect the massive input of these chemicals from household and industrial uses. However few attempts were made to identify biodegradation metabolites of LAS in sediment. In this report, a method for the determination of these compounds in sediment samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The first step of our work was performed by solid‐phase extraction with octadecyl‐bonded silica (C18) mini‐columns and provided a suitable recovery of LAS (90 ± 5%) and most metabolites. Furthermore, laboratory investigations led to study the behaviour of LAS in sediment. The environmental samples used for this purpose were collected from a pond (named étang de Bolmon) located in the French Mediterranean coast. Our results were in agreement with an aerobic biodegradation process of LAS that occurred only with high values of sediment redox potential and needed the samples to be vigorously shaken to ensure adequate mixing and suspension of particulate material. In a stagnant sediment or under anaerobic conditions, LAS is not degraded. p‐Sulfophenylacetic acid and p‐sulfocinnamic acid were evidenced as predominant metabolites and were found not to be persistent.     

北京北运河水系水质污染特征及污染来源分析

以北运河水系主要干支流2011年1～12月23项指标的监测数据为依据,采用水质类别法和平均综合污染指数法,对水质污染特征进行综合评价,运用主成分分析和系统聚类分析法,对水质指标主成分以及水质差异进行分类,并进一步对不同干支流污染来源进行分析.结果表明,北运河水系由于排污量大,地表水污染严重,除城市中心区部分河流水质为Ⅲ~Ⅳ类外,城市排水河流、远郊河流水质均为劣Ⅴ类.水质由3个主成分组成,COD、CODMn、BOD5、NH3-N、TP等为第一主成分;汞为第二主成分;石油类为第三主成分.干支流水质分为4类:第1类为清洁水源类河流,主要集中在城市中心区,降雨地表径流、雨污合流管网溢流引起的非点源污染是影响其水质达标的重要污染源;第2类为再生水水源类河流,主要集中在城市排水上游河流,城镇污水处理厂排水是其主要污染源;第3类为再生水与污水混合水源类河流,主要集中在城市排水下游河流及部分远郊区河流,由于城市下游排水管网不健全,远郊区污水集中处理率低,生活源和农业源的污染贡献率较高,水质污染严重;第4类为污水水源类河流,分布于远郊区县,农业污染占比较大,水质污染最严重.     

温榆河昌平段沉积物重金属影响因素分析及污染评价

温榆河是北京市重要的防洪排涝、拦污河道,每年接纳大量污水,面临严重的水环境问题. 为了解温榆河昌平段表层沉积物重金属含量、影响因素及污染状况,在温榆河昌平段采集沉积物样品28个,测定pH、w(OM)(OM有机质)、w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TK)等沉积物理化性状及w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)和w(Cr). 通过相关性分析和因子分析,研究沉积物中pH、w(OM)、w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TK)与4种重金属质量分数的相关关系,并运用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染状况进行评价. 结果表明:沉积物中w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)和w(Cr)平均值分别为19.35、89.90、25.80、53.74mg/kg,变异系数分别为29.76%、43.39%、37.54%、20.90%,其中w(Zn)的空间变异程度最大. 沉积物中w(OM)与w(Cu)和w(Zn)的R(相关系数)分别为0.515(P<0.01)、0.599(P<0.01),w(TN)与w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)的R分别为0.463(P<0.05)、0.713(P<0.01)和0.654(P<0.01).因子分析也显示,w(OM)、w(TN)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)和w(Pb)在第1因子上具有较高的载荷系数. 地累积指数评价结果表明,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为Cr>Zn>Pb>Cu,Cr为轻度污染,Zn、Pb、Cu未达到污染. 潜在生态风险程度分析表明,各重金属潜在生态风险程度及综合生态风险程度均为轻微.      

洞庭湖沉积物不同形态氮赋存特征及其释放风险

为了揭示湖泊沉积物中氮的空间分布特征及其释放风险,采用连续分级提取法研究了洞庭湖表层沉积物中EN(可交换态氮)、HN(酸解态氮)及NHN(非酸解态氮)的赋存特征;同时,结合BN(生物可利用态氮)的含量和释放通量的大小,探讨了各形态氮对BN的贡献及与释放通量的相关关系. 结果表明,受水动力和湖盆地形的影响,沉积物中各形态氮含量空间差异较大. 全湖w(TN)在735.91~2846.51mg/kg之间,平均值为1371.85mg/kg,东洞庭湖、西洞庭湖、南洞庭湖、洞庭湖出口w(TN)的平均值分别为1513.43、1173.14、1262.76和1363.31mg/kg. 从各形态氮含量占w(TN)的比例来看,w(HN)最高,平均占66.74%;其次是w(NHN),平均占21.46%;w(EN)最小,仅占11.80%. 东洞庭湖、西洞庭湖、南洞庭湖、洞庭湖出口w(BN)的平均值分别为189.31、170.16、152.87和139.51mg/kg,其值大小主要受w(EN)和w(HN)的影响. 东洞庭湖、西洞庭湖、南洞庭湖、洞庭湖出口沉积物中NH₄+-N释放通量的平均值分别为6.32、7.03、7.78和146.96mg/(m2·d),沉积物中NH₄+-N释放通量主要受EN控制,其中尤其受可交换态NH₄+-N的控制,而沉积物中的HN和TN尚不是影响沉积物氮释放的主要因素.      

中国浏阳农村地区人群暴露参数

以湖南省浏阳市农村地区人群为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方式对研究地区人群的暴露参数进行研究,结果表明:研究地区成人男性、女性的平均体质量分别为62.45和53.71kg,平均体表面积分别为1.710和1.546m2;成人日均饮水摄入量为1428 mL,P₉₅(第95百分位数)为3350mL,其中,日均直接饮水量为1035mL,P₉₅为2500mL;调查地区大米、面粉、鱼类、猪肉、鸡肉、蛋类(鸡蛋和鸭蛋合计)日均摄入量,成人男性为335.54、89.28、15.41、18.48、14.18和21.70g/d,成人女性为269.28、68.45、14.89、16.73、13.11和18.07g/d. 研究还发现,调查地区人群饮用水源以泉水和井水为主,分别占52.42%和36.31%,也有个别人群饮用河水和湖水等地表水. 研究结果与美国和日本暴露参数推荐值相比有较大差异,与我国同类研究相比也存在一定的差异,说明暴露参数具有区域性、种族性等特征.      

湖泊沉积物中氨氧化微生物的amoA基因数量

采用定量PCR方法测定了4个湖泊沉积物中氨氧化微生物的amoA基因数量,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系. 结果表明:小南湖AOA(氨氧化古菌)和AOB(氨氧化细菌)的amoA基因数量最多,分别达2.1×104和2.8×103copies/g(以干质量计,下同);梁子湖仅检测到了AOA amoA基因的存在,平均值为4.9×103copies/g. 东湖和汤逊湖的AOA amoA基因数量比较接近,约为3.0×103copies/g,然而AOB的amoA基因数量在这2个湖泊中仅分别为37和86copies/g;在这些采样点中,AOA的amoA基因数量是AOB的3~278倍. 统计分析发现,随着湖泊营养水平和间隙水中ρ(NH₄+)的上升,AOA和AOB的amoA基因数量均呈增加趋势,但ρ(NH₄+)增加对AOB的促进作用要大于AOA,导致AOA和AOB的amoA基因数量比值与间隙水中ρ(NH₄+)呈显著负相关. pH上升对2类氨氧化微生物的抑制作用则与ρ(NH₄+)增加对它们的促进作用相反. 沉积物中amoA基因数量与间隙水中ρ(NO₂-)无显著相关性,但与ρ(NO₃-)呈显著正相关. 由于ρ(NH₄+)与ρ(DO)之间呈显著负相关,因此认为ρ(DO)与氨氧化微生物amoA基因数量之间的显著负相关可能更多的是对ρ(NH₄+)与氨氧化微生物amoA基因数量之间紧密关系的一种间接反应.      

洱海表层沉积物中总氮含量及氨氮的释放特征

通过现场调查和室内模拟试验,对洱海具有代表性的9个表层沉积物样品中w(TN)的分布特征以及沉积物中NH₄+-N释放动力学特征进行了研究. 结果表明,洱海表层沉积物中w(TN)在2.0844～6.5153g/kg之间,平均值为3.5378g/kg,北部西岸为高值区,南部(靠近大理市)为次高值区. 一级动力学模型可很好地拟合洱海表层沉积物NH₄+-N释放动力学特征,NH₄+-N最大释放量在0.1209～0.2810g/kg之间;释放主要集中在0~5min内,约占最大释放量的68%~83%;随后释放速率逐渐放缓,到120min后基本达到释放平衡.运用无限稀释法对沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能进行测定表明,洱海沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能在1.7001~3.5879 g/kg之间,在水土质量比约为2500时,NH₄+-N释放量达到最大,随后释放逐渐趋于平衡. 洱海沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能及最大释放量均与其w(TN)呈显著正相关. 洱海沉积物中w(TN)与NH₄+-N释放潜能和最大释放量均高于长江中下游湖泊,具有较大的氮释放风险.      

滴水湖水系沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价

2012年,每两个月采集一次上海人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖水系表层沉积物,检测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,滴水湖水系∑PAHs变化范围为74.03~579.20ng/g,平均值为272.55ng/g.其中,闸外引水河[(407.64±6.90)ng/g]≈闸内引水河[(427.99±213.84)ng/g]>滴水湖[(156.33±62.00)ng/g].研究区各点蒽/(蒽+菲)比值均大于0.1,说明PAHs主要来自于石油燃烧源.生态风险评价表明,滴水湖水系沉积物PAHs不存在严重的生态风险,但闸外和闸内引水河沉积物PAHs存在较低几率的潜在风险,湖区沉积物PAHs则无潜在风险.     

Changing nutrient levels in Lake Maurepas following human population shifts in response to Hurricane Katrina

Following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, as many as 57% of residents in some parishes in the Lower Lake Pontchartrain Basin were displaced from their homes. Concurrently, the population in the Upper Lake Pontchartrain Basin, which drains into Lake Maurepas, increased by 62,000 residents, leading to increased residential and urban land use. These changes led to significant increases in phosphate and silicate concentrations in Lake Maurepas that are likely caused by non-point source pollution through erosion from new construction sites, fertilisation of new lawns and stress to existing wastewater treatment facilities. Average phosphate concentrations at three sites in Lake Maurepas increased by 76–205% and silicate levels increased by 60–83% compared with data collected in 2003 prior to the hurricane. Discharge-weighted averages increased even more dramatically, with phosphate and silicate concentrations increasing up to 161 and 394%, respectively. Discharge-weighted silicate and phosphate concentrations were 2.5 and 3.4 times greater than in 2003, respectively. Discharge-weighted silicate levels were 3.9 times greater than similar measurements from 1963. These large increases in nutrient and discharge-weighted nutrient concentrations are indicative of increased human population in the Upper Lake Pontchartrain Basin following Hurricane Katrina.     

Community structure of zooplankton across environmental variables in a high-altitude lake of central Himalayas,India

We determined seasonal and spatial variation of zooplankton and their correlation with environment variables in a subtropical lake of the Himalayas. Thirty-eight species of zooplankton were identified, of which, 38.0% belonged to rotifera, 26.3% to cladocera, and 15.7% to copepoda. Nitrogen nutrients, total organic matter (TOM), and clay particles significantly influenced on the distribution pattern of zooplankton. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed homogeneous assemblages of dominant zooplankton species except Chydorus gibbus which has wider range of niche partitioning. Turbidity formed by suspended materials facilitated better avoidance of larger zooplankton like Daphnia similis from predators. Sedimentary silt particles influenced on the assemblages of sensitive species such as Tropocyclops prasinus, Asplanchna priodonta and Colurella obtuse. Changes within the land-use pattern in the catchment of the central Himalayan lakes either directly or indirectly impact on the distribution of zooplankton community.