新管幕法下穿铁路既有线施工地表沉降监测

为避免新管幕法下穿铁路既有线施工所导致的轨面不平、列车晃车等铁路运营事故,以太原市迎泽大街下穿火车站通道工程为施工背景,考虑火车站内强电磁干扰环境对传统电磁、电容式传感器的影响,选用合适的光纤光栅传感器对地表沉降进行监测,设计了监测方案并搭建了监测系统,获得了施工引起的地表沉降数据,并用数值模拟方法研究了土体沉降,获得了地表横向距离沉降规律,对比论证了该监测技术的正确性和有效性。监测和计算结果表明,新管幕法施工引起的地表沉降呈漏斗状,中间大两头小,监测断面的最大沉降值为21.2 mm,在施工安全范围内。     

Glass buildings on river banks as “polarized light traps” for mass-swarming polarotactic caddis flies

The caddis flies Hydropsyche pellucidula emerge at dusk from the river Danube and swarm around trees and bushes on the river bank. We document here that these aquatic insects can also be attracted en masse to the vertical glass surfaces of buildings on the river bank. The individuals lured to dark, vertical glass panes land, copulate, and remain on the glass for hours. Many of them are trapped by the partly open, tiltable windows. In laboratory choice experiments, we showed that ovipositing H. pellucidula are attracted to highly and horizontally polarized light stimulating their ventral eye region and, thus, have positive polarotaxis. In the field, we documented that highly polarizing vertical black glass surfaces are significantly more attractive to both female and male H. pellucidula than weakly polarizing white ones. Using video polarimetry, we measured the reflection-polarization characteristics of vertical glass surfaces of buildings where caddis flies swarmed. We propose that after its emergence from the river, H. pellucidula is attracted to buildings by their dark silhouettes and the glass-reflected, horizontally polarized light. After sunset, this attraction may be strengthened by positive phototaxis elicited by the buildings' lights. The novelty of this visual-ecological phenomenon is that the attraction of caddis flies to vertical glass surfaces has not been expected because vertical glass panes do not resemble the horizontal surface of waters from which these insects emerge and to which they must return to oviposit.     

黄海近岸表层沉积物中PAHs的分布特征与潜在风险

利用第二次全国海洋污染基线调查数据,考察了我国黄海近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布状况、组成比例,并开展了初步的来源分析和潜在生态风险评价.研究结果表明,PAHs的含量范围从未检出至8294 ng·g-1,高值站点主要位于辽东半岛的大连湾附近海区,以及山东半岛北部的威海沿岸.在辽东半岛、山东半岛的近岸海区,表层沉积物中的PAHs以中、高环(4～5环)组分占据明显优势;而在江苏近岸海区,低环组分(2～3环)的比例明显上升.低环与中高环组分的相对丰度以及成对同分异构体的比值结果显示,各海区表层沉积物中PAHs的主要来源是各类燃烧释放过程,如燃煤、生物质、天然气和交通尾气等,石油产品输入的影响居次要地位.依据效应低值区间ERL的警戒水平,计算ERL商的平均值,从而初步得到各海区潜在的PAHs生态风险水平.结果表明,大连湾PAHs污染较为严重,各PAHs组分的浓度均高于ERL警戒水平,而苯并(a)芘甚至超出效应中值区间的境界水平ERM,显示大连湾近岸海区具有较高的PAHs生态风险,而其它海区的潜在生态风险则较低.     

微生物处理技术在有机污染物降解中的应用

微生物处理有机污染物是一种费用低,效果好,无二次污染且操作简单的处理方法。综述了国内外几种微生物处理有机污染物技术的研究进展。     

Validation of an agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed, China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province. China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data onten storms. Thedata on eight stormsin 2002 were used for calibration while data on two stormswere used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0. 99 and 0. 98 for runoff, 0. 94 and 0. 95 forthe peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0. 76 forthe sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak nmofr rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivitv and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.     

Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China

The humic acids (HAs) isolated from the sediments of the various rivers,lakes,and reservoirs in China were studied using elemental analyzer,fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),and CP/MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.The results showed that the HAs were characterized by some common chemical and physicochemical properties,but they also pose some differences in the C-containing functional groups.The C/N,C/H,O/C,and O/H ratios differ widely for the various HAs,showing that the elemental comp...     

Characterization of the Songhua River sediments and evaluation of their adsorption behavior for nitrobenzene

The explosion at a plant of the Jilin Petrochemical Corporation on 13 November,2005,and the spill of an estimated 100 t of toxic substances (nitrobenzene as the main component) into the Songhua River received worldwide attention.This study has focused on the adsorption behavior of nitrobenzene that spilled onto sediments along the Songhua River,which was one of the efforts to evaluate the fate of nitrobenzene after the spillage event.The organic carbon contents of these sediments along the Songhua River ...     

惠阳城区降雨径流重金属污染特征研究：Ⅰ.地表堆积物重金属含量分析

以惠阳城区为研究对象,选取4种具有代表性的典型城市功能区类型:工业区、商业区、住宅区、交通区,对其地表堆积物进行样品采集和实验分析.结果表明:地表堆积物细粒部分(粒径<149舯)所占比例为51%,粗粒部分(粒径>2 000um,)所占比例仅4.1%;重金属含量的粒径分级特性和质量分数相似,即粒径越细的部分重金属含量越高;Pb,Zn,Cu.Cr之间的相关系数较高;重金属的浸出浓度在不同的功能区基本遵循同样的规律,即细粒部分重金属浸出浓度最高,随粒径的增大浸出浓度逐减,细粒部分重金属的浸出浓度:w(Pb)为59.1 rag/kg/kg,w(Zn)为93.5 mg/kg,w(Cu)为37.7 ms/ks,w(Cr)为23.9 ms/kg,w(Cd)为0.07 mg,kg.     

呼和浩特市十年地表水环境质量趋势分析

本文根据呼和浩特市十年来河流水质监测数据,选取高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨氮、挥发酚、汞、铅和石油类七项指标,运用水质综合指数法(P法),分析呼和浩特市地表水十年来的变化趋势及污染特点,提出了治理地表水污染的思路。     

武汉月湖和莲花湖表层沉积物中持久性有机物的污染状况

采用气－质联用技术分析了武汉汉阳月湖和莲花湖的4个表层沉积物样品中的有机污染物,探讨了两湖沉积物受持久性有机物污染的程度。月湖中共检测出124种有机物,其中属环境优先控制污染物和美国EPA筛选的内分泌干扰物19种;莲花湖中共检测出186种有机物,环境优先控制污染物和美国EPA筛选的内分泌干扰物34种。主要污染物包括：酞酸酯、酯类、酚类、杂环和苯及其衍生物等。污染物浓度顺序为L1＞L2＞Y2＞Y1,莲花湖中有机物浓度明显高于月湖。两湖邻苯二甲酸酯的含量最高,占了污染物总量的96%~98%,邻苯二甲酸乙基己基酯（平均值 17 59903 ng/g 干重）和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（平均值 2 515.76 ng/g 干重）是两湖沉积物中的主要酞酸酯类污染物。