Surface Consolidation of Pentelic Marble: Criteria for the selection of methods and materials - The Acropolis case (6 pp)

Goal and Scope In order to realize surface consolidation of Pentelic marble on the Acropolis monuments, we have collected the criteria that have to be fulfilled by the methods and materials without side effects on the marbles (and other stones). When the existing methods and materials did not satisfy the requirements (criteria), we invented new ones.Methods The criteria were collected from the literature, by thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, by laboratory experiments and in situ observations on monuments, both in Greece and in several countries in which the various methods and materials were applied. Concerning our method of ‘Inversion of sulfation’, performed by spraying a K2CO3 solution, its concentration and its temperature were controlled in order to have a total inversion (certified by liquid crystals) of gypsum back to CaCO3. For the new material of ours, ‘Reinforced Lime’, in order to eliminate the disadvantages of plain lime (low carbonation rate, low mechanical properties of CaCO3 formed, lack of carbonation in the bulk of lime), measurements of the rate of carbonation were performed in plain lime and in lime with a different CaCO3 concentration beforehand as well as in a different CO2 environments, using DTG and XRD to measure the rate of carbonation. The detachment (kg/cm2) of marble specimens stuck by lime in each case was also measured. A microscope was also used to measure the dimensions of the grain in each case as well as ammonium citrate and thymolphthalein to certify the depth of carbonation in each case. Part of the work was communicated in an international congress.Results A table with the criteria of the selection of the methods and materials for the consolidation of Pentelic marble surfaces (and other stones) was established. None of the employed methods and materials fulfilled the criteria. Only the ‘Inversion of gypsum ‘ and the ‘Reinforced Lime’ were adopted and applied to the Acropolis monuments and to other monuments in Greece and in several other countries.Recommendation and Outlook All criteria must be used for the selection of methods and materials for the consolidation of the monument surfaces. This is why we have already studied with the same procedures, methods and materials for restoration, surface cleaning and protection.     

沿面放电氧化液相亚硫酸铵

为了解决湿式氨法烟气脱硫生成不稳定亚硫酸铵（（NH4）2SO3）副产物的问题,设计了以不锈钢弹簧和溶液分别作为高压和低压电极的沿面放电系统,对液相（NH4）2SO3的氧化进行了研究。空气从反应器上方进入后经放电区域形成活性物质,再由底部的曝气头鼓入溶液并与（NH4）2SO3发生反应。比较了沿面放电处理与传统曝气处理的氧化效率,考察了放电电压、载气气量和初始浓度等因素对（NH4）2SO3氧化的影响。结果表明,沿面放电对（NH4）2SO3有显著的氧化效果;优化条件下的（NH4）2SO3氧化率接近100%;溶液中（NH4）2SO4与（NH4）2SO3的浓度比小于1时有利于（NH4）2SO3的氧化。     

一种新型活性半焦吸附剂的制备及其表面特征分析

对一种原料半焦进行粉碎、筛分,取其中10～20目的颗粒;用去离子水冲洗后高温下烘干至恒重;依次进行HNO3活化、KOH活化和加压水热化学活化,制备出活性半焦吸附剂。经实验证明,该活性半焦吸附剂对甲苯的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,其甲苯吸附容量可达207 mg/g,穿透时间由80 min延长至235 min。该活性半焦吸附剂的比表面积为555.56 m2/g,碘值为811.38 mg/g,表面酸碱总量为0.8649 mmol/g,并通过SEM扫描进行了表面微观形态分析。数据表明,经改性后制备出的新型活性半焦对甲苯的去除率明显增加,其表面物化性质也有明显改变,是一种优良的有机废气吸附剂。     

煤层开采诱发地表裂缝成因数值模拟

为了通过分析地表裂缝的成因来研究采空区上覆火成岩非连续性破坏,根据现场数据和概率积分法确定了研究的岩土体范围,使用FLAC3D进行建模。布置6条监测线进行地表沉降监测,并与模拟得到的地表裂缝出现位置的变形数据进行对比,模拟得到了岩体塑性区的分布。结果表明,造成地表裂缝的主要原因是采空区上覆岩层中存在产状不均匀的火成岩,且位于松散层下方。采空区影响向上发展至火成岩底部造成火成岩边缘区域局部悬空。当采空区面积足够大时,火成岩上部拉应力超过其抗拉强度,进而发生断裂,松散层陷落导致地表裂缝。     

矿山法双线地铁施工仿真及地表沉降数值分析

研究了左右双线矿山法隧道施工时的短期地面沉降。采用矿山法进行双线掘进,两隧道中心距13.2m,V级围岩CRD法进行施工,两侧隧道断面对称开挖。使用FLAC3D进行沉降分析,该软件能模拟地下隧道的掘进、支护和掌子面支护等。针对某地地质特征进行预测,这些特征是决定地面沉降量的关键因素。通过模拟左右双隧道对称掘进施工的暗挖隧道施工过程,得到了施工时的地面沉降规律,即沉降可分为两个阶段,且第一阶段沉降大于第二阶段沉降。最终为在市内建筑物密集区域修建地铁隧道提供安全可行的方法。     

金沙江流域水土流失现状与河道泥沙分析

对金沙江流域水土流失、河道泥沙及主要影响因素系统作了分析,认为地质、地貌及气候因子是影响水土流失的主要因素,人为活动加剧水土流失的发生发展。河道泥沙主要来自金沙江下游,特别是下游干流河谷区间,流域的地面侵蚀与河道泥沙的空间关系不密切,影响输沙量的主要因素为年径流量和清水区年径流量,以及滑坡、泥石流等重力侵蚀,尽管水土流失治理对于流域的河道泥沙减沙效应显著,但短期内对流域干支流输沙量影响甚微。今后一段时间内金沙江流域河道泥沙不会有显著的变化     

Effect of water pH and total dissolved solids on the species diversity of pelagic zooplankton in lakes: A statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of the combined influence of lake surface area (S), water pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the formation of zooplankton communities in lakes has been made on the basis of available data on the number of species (N _sp ) of pelagic zooplankton in 256 lakes of the temperate zone of Europe, Asia, and North America. Graphic analysis and analysis of variance have shown that extremely high or extremely low values of pH and TDS inhibit lake zooplankton. If the value of one of these factors is extremely high, any increase in the other factor is favorable for the inhibited zooplankton, and this second factor determines the value of N _sp .     

红枫湖地表水中多环芳烃的分布及来源

将固相微萃取与气相色谱联用，对贵阳红枫湖水样中16种美国环境保护署优控的多环芳烃进行分析。结果表明：红枫湖水中16种多环芳烃总量为0167 1~0336 4 μg/L，与国内其它水系相比，湖中存在多环芳烃轻度污染。7种（萘、荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝）多环芳烃的总量未超出中国城市供水行业对多环芳烃规定的限值，但作为饮用水源，红枫湖水中的苯并(a)芘含量已超出我国标准GB3838-2002中生活饮用水地表水源地的苯并(a)芘限值，并且苯并(a)蒽、〖JX-*9〗〖SX（B-25x〗〖HT7，5”〗艹〖〗〖HT6”，5”〗屈〖HT5”〗〖SX）〗〖JX*9〗、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘的含量也超过了美国环境保护署地表水水质标准限值。通过多环芳烃特征参数的比值，分析了红枫湖水中多环芳烃的污染来源。污染源分析表明，湖中多环芳烃的主要来源为燃烧源，包括木材、煤以及化石燃料的燃烧，同时也有一部分多环芳烃是来源石油类物质的输入.     

Fenton降解涂装废水的因素影响及动力学分析

以江苏某电动自行车制造企业的涂装废水为研究对象,采用单因素和响应面优化Fenton氧化处理的反应条件,分析了其动力学过程。结果表明：在pH=3.21、n(H₂O₂/Fe²⁺)=8∶1、m(H₂O₂/COD)=4.17∶1、氧化反应时间为120 min的条件下,COD和TP的去除率均达到最高,分别为81.32%和98%,其降解过程符合一级反应动力学,室温下降解速率常数k为0.014 2 min⁻¹,活化能为4.76 kJ·mol⁻¹。在pH=3.21、n(H₂O₂/Fe²⁺)=8∶1、m(H₂O₂/COD)=0.78∶1、反应时间120 min的条件下,Fenton半氧化体系对COD去除率可达42.5%左右,处理后废水的B/C比由0.12提高至0.35。综合经济因素,认为Fenton半氧化与生物处理工艺耦合处理实际涂装废水更佳。     

气泡尺寸对清洗固体表面油脂及颗粒污染物的影响

为明确气泡清洗技术在罐底油泥清洗中的应用情况,考察了气泡尺寸差异对固体表面清洗效果的影响。搭建了玻璃表面油污气泡清洗可视化实验装置,并设计了气泡发生器。该发生器可通过调节气液比产生多种尺寸分布的气泡。实验中产生的气泡直径分布于80~1 200 μm。研究了气泡尺寸、清洗时间、距离和角度等参数对清洗效果的影响,结果表明,在液体流量为2.5 L·min⁻¹条件下,清洗去除率随气泡尺寸的增大而提高,气泡的平均直径为800 μm时的清洗效果最好,能够将去除率从用水清洗的4.5%提高到68.3%,且当基底与水流方向为45°时的清洗去除率高于垂直或平行放置。上述结果说明,气泡撞击和破裂产生的水射流和涡流冲刷作用是主要的清洗机制。本研究结果可为高效处理油泥污染问题提供理论和实践参考,为罐底油泥清洗开拓新的解决路径。