台州水系表层沉积物典型POPs污染现状及生态风险

为探讨典型废物拆解地工业结构转型期环境POPs(persistent organic pollutants,持久性有机污染物)污染特征变化情况,使用气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定了台州水系表层沉积物中PCDD/Fs(二英类)、dl-PCBs(共平面多氯联苯)和PBDEs(多溴联苯醚),并利用主因子分析等手段分析了其来源. 结果表明,台州椒江和金清闸海湾2387-PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度(以WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ计,下同)中位值分别为3.18和1.91 ng/kg,dl-PCBs毒性当量浓度分别为0.26和0.62 ng/kg,w(∑PBDEs)分别为22.5和19.7 μg/kg,处于我国和全球河流(海湾)表层沉积物POPs污染的中等水平,低于其他电子废物拆解地等严重污染区. 台州河流(海湾)表层沉积物PCDD/Fs主要来源于燃煤,dl-PCBs主要来源于历史上多氯联苯的使用或电子废物拆解活动,PBDEs主要来源于相关阻燃剂的使用和电子废物拆解活动. 位于化工园区排水口的YTZ采样点PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的毒性当量浓度分别达到6.54×104和7.84×103 ng/kg,污染可能来源于化工废料加工和再生金属生产,表明台州在工业结构转型期出现的新POPs污染源,应引起重视. 台州部分表层沉积物样品中的PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的总毒性当量浓度超过美国和加拿大的沉积物质量指导值,存在一定的生态风险.      

Effect of leachates from municipal solid wastes in the surface characteristics of calcareous soils located in Central Mexico

Anthropogenic activities induce changes in a series of soil features. For example, continuous contact between soil and municipal solid waste leachates can encourage weathering processes as well as other mineral transformation reactions; consequently, the soil loses the function of environmental protection. Pollution-induced changes in the surface properties and morphology of soils have been rarely studied. In this work, the surface characteristics of calcareous soil located at a municipal solid waste disposal site in central Mexico were studied. Soil characterisation was carried out to determine the mesoporous size, particle surface area and crystallinity of collected samples. Comparison of these characteristics was made between soil in continuous contact with leachate flow and soil not in contact with leachate. The characterisation was carried out using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The presence of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and Cr was examined in both soils. Leachates in contact with this soil showed characteristics typical of liquid produced by the decomposition of municipal solid waste (pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential and alkalinity).     

Occupancy Patterns of Regionally Declining Grassland Sparrow Populations in a Forested Pennsylvania Landscape

Organisms can be affected by processes in the surrounding landscape outside the boundary of habitat areas and by local vegetation characteristics. There is substantial interest in understanding how these processes affect populations of grassland birds, which have experienced substantial population declines. Much of our knowledge regarding patterns of occupancy and density stem from prairie systems, whereas relatively little is known regarding how occurrence and abundance of grassland birds vary in reclaimed surface mine grasslands. Using distance sampling and single‐season occupancy models, we investigated how the occupancy probability of Grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum) and Henslow's Sparrows (A. henslowii) on 61 surface mine grasslands (1591 ha) in Pennsylvania changed from 2002 through 2011 in response to landscape, grassland, and local vegetation characteristics . A subset (n = 23; 784 ha) of those grasslands were surveyed in 2002, and we estimated changes in sparrow density and vegetation across 10 years. Grasshopper and Henslow's Sparrow populations declined 72% and 49%, respectively from 2002 to 2011, whereas overall woody vegetation density increased 2.6 fold. Henslow's Sparrows avoided grasslands with perimeter–area ratios ≥0.141 km/ha and woody shrub densities ≥0.04 shrubs/m². Both species occupied grasslands ≤13 ha, but occupancy probability declined with increasing grassland perimeter–area ratio and woody shrub density. Grassland size, proximity to nearest neighboring grassland ( = 0.2 km), and surrounding landscape composition at 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 km were not parsimonious predictors of occupancy probability for either species. Our results suggest that reclaimed surface mine grasslands, without management intervention, are ephemeral habitats for Grasshopper and Henslow's Sparrows. Given the forecasted decline in surface coal production for Pennsylvania, it is likely that both species will continue to decline in our study region for the foreseeable future. Patrones de Ocupación de Poblaciones Regionalmente Declinantes de Gorriones de Pastizales en un Paisaje Boscoso de Pennsylvania     

城市面源污染特征及排放负荷研究--以内江市为例

城市面源污染已引起国内外的重视,研究城市面源污染特征及排放负荷,为城市面源防治提供借鉴有重要意义。在内江市将城市下垫面按照水文效应和面源污染特性不同划分为屋面,庭院,交通道路,城市水环境四类,每类下垫面中选取一定数量的点进行监测,根据选取的典型点位的监测结果,研究城市面源污染特征及污染物负荷,结果表明：（1）各类下垫面中,交通干道污染质量浓度普遍较高,屋面污染物质量浓度相对较低,交通干道 COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为215.31 mg·L-1、280.20 mg·L-1、0.35 mg·L-1、2.29 mg·L-1、4.06 mg·L-1;屋面COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为85.56 mg·L-1、117.25 mg·L-1、0.13 mg·L-1、2.03 mg·L-1、3.63 mg·L-1。（2）不同材质屋面中,沥青屋面的污染物质量浓度普遍较高,陶瓦屋面的污染物质量浓度相对较低。沥青屋面 COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为73.4 mg·L-1、56.0 mg·L-1、0.181 mg·L-1、2.529 mg·L-1、5.254 mg·L-1;陶瓦屋面COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为30.8 mg·L-1、45.4 mg·L-1、0.106 mg·L-1、2.099 mg·L-1、4.167 mg·L-1。（3）单次降雨COD污染负荷在34.6~73.7 t之间,相当于整个城区城镇生活污水不加处理排放1天;根据3次降雨监测结果估算全年COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮排放量分别为2177.1 t、2778.3 t、3.855 t、41.410 t、69.133 t,城市面源COD污染负荷是城镇生活源的近20%。（4）各类下垫面中,屋面的污染物排放负荷贡献率最大,其次为庭院、交通干道、一般道路、城市水环境,一次典型降雨中,屋面对COD污染负荷的贡献率为30.9%,庭院为28.7%,交通干道为24.7%,一般道路为14.9%,城市水环境仅为0.8%。（5）各类下垫面中,交通干道的初始冲刷效应最明显,其次为一般道路、庭院、屋面。根据分析得出结论：城市面源中COD、悬浮物的污染不容忽视;不同下垫面呈现不同的污染特征,屋面的污染物质量浓度较低,但由于面积贡献率大,污染物负荷贡献率较高,均在25%以上,交通干道、一般道路五类污染物由于质量浓度较高,各污染物负荷贡献率均超过其面积贡献率,可作为城市面源防治的重点;截留和处理城市降雨初期径流对于城市面源污染处理非常重要。     

ADDRESSING TOTAL PHOSPHORUS IMPAIRMENTS WITH WATER QUALITY TRADING1

ABSTRACT: Water quality trading is a voluntary economic process that provides an opportunity for dischargers to reduce the costs associated with meeting a discharge limitation. Trading can provide a cost effective solution for point sources (i.e., wastewater treatment plants) to meet strict effluent limitations set in response to total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). A successful trading program often depends on first determining the trading suitability of a pollutant for a particular watershed. A simple technical approach has been developed to identify sub‐watersheds within the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, where water quality trading could provide a cost effective and scientifically feasible method for addressing total phosphorus impairments. The methodology presented will serve as a model to conduct similar analyses in other watersheds. The Raritan River Basin was divided into 12 subwatershed‐based study areas. Point‐nonpoint source trading opportunities were examined for each study area by examining the point and nonpoint source total phosphorus loading to impaired water bodies. Of the 12 subwatersheds examined, four had a high potential for implementing a successful trading program. Since instream phosphorus concentrations are closely related to soil erosion, an additional analysis was performed to examine soil erodibility. Recommendations are presented for conducting an economic analysis following the feasibility study.     

Ecotoxicological assessment of sediment from Texcalac River and agricultural soil of riverside area,in Tlaxcala,Mexico

This study assesses the potential risk of Texcalac River and riparian area. The p,p′ DDT and ∑DDTs levels in agricultural soils (3.9–208.0?µg/kg) and in surface sediments (0.6–137?µg/kg) surpassing the guidelines for protection of aquatic life (75% > TEC). The ∑PCBs concentration oscillated from 135 to 93941?µg/kg; the half of sediments exceeded the international guidelines (PEL, PEC), as well as two soils (SQGE?=?500?µg/kg). The TEQ concentration of four PCB-DL varied between 0.1 and 24.9?µg TEQ/kg, chiefly affected by PCB 169. Five sediments were lethal for E. foetida, two resulted to be cytotoxic and the 58% produced genotoxicity higher than negative control (A?=?0.28?±?0.05; DICA?=?72.5?±?16.9 au). Likewise, 31.6% of samples increased the micronuclei frequency in V. faba in comparison with negative control. The analytical data and the bioassays results suggest a significant and immediate risk to exposed biota of this region, highlighting a specific area in Texcalac River and other one in Sambrano Ravine. It is necessity assess the dispersion of pollutants and perform biomonitoring studies that display the exposure levels in biota with the goal to characterise the ecotoxicological risk.     

The influence of slope collapse on water exchange between a pit lake and a heterogeneous aquifer

Slope collapse will reduce the water exchange. Slope collapse will affect the spatial distribution of the water exchange. Precipitation have the most impact on the dynamics of the water exchange. Due to the increase in open pit mining, pit lakes have become common surface water features, posing a potential risk to subsurface aquifer. In this study, a pit lake–groundwater interaction model is built based on the general program MODFLOW with the LAK3 package. For the first time, the effects of lake-slope collapse and aquifer heterogeneity on pit lake–groundwater interactions are analyzed by dividing the lake into six water exchange zones based on the aquifer lithology and groundwater level. Our investigation and simulations reveal a total water exchange from groundwater to the lake of 349000 m³/a without collapse of the pit lake slope, while the total net water exchange under slope collapse conditions is 248000 m³/a (i.e., a reduction of 1.40-fold). The monthly net water exchange per unit width from groundwater to the lake reaches the largest in April, shifting to negative values in zone IV from June to August and in zone V in June and July. Moreover, the monthly net water exchange per unit width decreases from north to south, and the direction and magnitude of water exchange are found to depend on the hydraulic gradients between the lake and groundwater and the hydraulic conductivity of the slope collapse.     

青藏高原典型高寒森林地带CH4浓度特征分析

基于波长扫描光腔衰荡光谱线监测系统在海螺沟国家大气背景站(以下简称海螺沟站)开展甲烷(CH_4)连续自动监测,通过局部近似回归法进行背景值筛分分析。结果表明:2016、2017年海螺沟站CH_4年均体积分数和筛分的背景体积分数接近,两者浓度水平与北半球中纬度地区全球本底站CH_4浓度水平相当;海螺沟站CH_4能够代表背景区域浓度水平。海螺沟站CH_4体积分数呈春、夏季低,秋、冬季高特征,季节变化主要受到特定的地理环境和大气环流的影响,大气环流占主导影响。夏季CH_4体积分数最低但日振幅最大,与高原高海拔背景下森林地带的辐射对流引起局地扩散作用有关。采用逐步逼近回归筛分CH_4监测数据,海螺沟站CH_4背景季浓度变化和北半球中高纬度地区其他背景站大气CH_4的季节变化特征以及CH_4季体积分数振幅基本一致。背景站四季的CH_4载荷贡献在16个风向分布结果表明,在春、夏季存在西风带下南亚方向污染物气团的远距离输送;青藏高原东部近地面在冬季处于反气旋冷高压控制下,而SSW方向风向能够短暂打破这种稳定的气象条件,污染物得到迅速扩散,SSW为负贡献。     

Conceptual Framework of Connectivity for a National Agroecosystem Model Based on Transport Processes and Management Practices

There is a critical need for a national agroecosystem model for conservation policy and environmental planning, driven by issues including harmful algal blooms, water scarcity, flooding, and other weather‐related extremes. In this study, we illustrate the feasibility of a national agroecosystem model that will downscale processes to individual fields and first‐order channels. We propose to conceptually divide the conterminous United States (U.S.) into process domains as a framework for simulating processes and management at relevant scales. Specifically, we are proposing five domains: field (1–50 ha), transition (0.2–2.0 km²), headwater (1–15 km²), tributaries (15–150 km²), and main river (>150 km²). The proposed conceptual framework hydrologically connects fields across the U.S. using the National Hydrography Dataset (NHDPlus version 2). Parameterizing the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for the national agroecosystem model resulted in 4,880,000 agricultural fields, 2,250,000 non‐agricultural hydrologic response units, and 7,130,000 transition, 1,610,000 headwater, 591,000 tributary, and 432,400 main channels. Application of this framework was shown for Hydrologic Unit Code 07120002 in central Illinois and Indiana to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach using data that is readily available across the U.S. The new connectivity framework has the potential to dramatically improve national conservation and environmental assessments performed by U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

天津地区表层土壤和河流沉积物中正构烷烃化合物的成因分析

对天津地区表层土和河流沉积物中正构烷烃化合物进行了测试分析。不同环境功能区正构烷烃组成特征存在一定差别。表层土和河流沉积物中正构烷烃主峰碳、CPI和轻重比指数等地球化学参数分析表明,样品中中、低碳数正构烷烃主要来源于石油及其衍生物,个别样品中C17、C19 正构烷烃含量很高,并具明显的奇碳优势,可能与藻类生物活动有关;高碳数正构烷烃具有比较明显的奇碳优势,主要来源于高等植物蜡质的降解产物。不同环境功能区污染源的构成也存在比较明显的差别。