乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性

利用土壤薄层层析法研究乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性以灌溉河水为展开剂,得到乙草胺和丁草胺在北京海淀壤土中的相对移动值Rf的平均值分别为0.121和0.031,在河北白洋淀砂壤土中的相对移动值R_f的平均值分别为0.147和0.032.采用不同的土壤试验,乙草胺的移动性存在一定的差异.说明乙草胺在土壤中的移动性与土壤的性质有关,特别是土壤有机质含量,土壤吸附性能越强,越不易移动.乙草胺属于移动性弱的农药品种,移动等级为Ⅱ级,丁草胺属于移动性很弱的农药品种,移动等级为I级乙草胺和丁草胺虽然同属于酰胺类除草剂,但是,由于它们的水溶解度的差异,它们在土壤中的移动性有较大的差别.以30mg·L^-1的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液(DDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为展开剂,乙草胺在北京海淀壤土中的R_f的平均值分别为0.159和0.098.阴离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的迁移,阳离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的吸附,从而阻止农药在土壤中的迁移.     

Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure

The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated. The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds. The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB), and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100 (TX100). Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB, but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant. Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB. However, the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially, indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area, pore volume, and surface roughness and irregularities, as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite, but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system.     

油脂高效降解菌处理含油污水的试验研究

从 4种活性污泥中驯化分离了 1 2种菌 ,考查了它们对含高浓度植物类油脂污水的降解能力 ,各菌种 72h内对CODCr超过 1 0 g/L油脂配水的去除率都接近或超过 80 % ,特别是编号为GSH -1 ,GSH -2 ,GSH -3的 3种菌的去除率分别达到 94 2 % ,92 9% ,92 5%。选用高效降解菌GSH -1进行了相关影响条件试验 ,发现表面活性剂对该菌降解油脂有一定的促进作用 ;该菌生长适宜条件为 :pH 6～ 7,温度为 3 2～4 5℃ ,油脂浓度 <2 g/L ,适宜条件下该菌在 3 0h内对餐厅实际含油污水CODCr的去除率达 86%。表明经筛选驯化所获得优势菌在高含油、含表面活性剂的条件下具有较强的去除油脂类污染物的能力。      

基于RSM模型对污泥联合调理的参数优化

研究了CaO、PAFC联合表面活性剂(1227)预处理对污泥脱水性能的影响,以污泥滤饼含水率(WC)和毛细吸水时间(CST)作为评价指标进行单因素实验,得出药剂投加量的最佳范围.然后通过以响应曲面优化法(RSM)为依据的Box-Behnken实验,建立了滤饼含水率和CST减少率二次多项式预测模型,进而得到联合调理的最佳工艺参数.结果表明,联合调理能够明显提高污泥的脱水性能,CaO、PAFC和1227的最佳药剂量分别为42.00,60.40,80.89mg/g,此条件下滤饼含水率为(68.30±0.26)%,CST减少率为(87.30±0.32)%.同时,在最优条件下进行了验证实验,结果与模型预测值基本吻合,表明基于响应曲面法所得的最佳工艺参数准确可靠,对相关污泥处理及条件优化具有一定的指导意义.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite in a one-step process

The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated. Results showed that sorption of organic compounds by organobentonite was positively correlated to the cation surfactant exchange on the bentonite and the octanol-water partition coefficient (K_ow) of the solutes. With 0.75 g/L bentonite and 180 mg/L (60% of bentonite cation exchange capacity) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, the removal efficiencies of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency in coking wastewater except naphthalene were more than 90%, and that of benzo(a)pyrene was 99.5%. At the same time, the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₃-N, volatile phenols, colour and turbidity were 28.6%, 13.2%, 8.9%, 55% and 84.3%, respectively, and the ratio of BOD₅/COD_Cr increased from 0.31 to 0.41. These results indicated that the one-step process had high removal efficiency for toxic and refractory hydrophobic organic compounds, and could improve the biodegradability of the coking wastewater. Therefore it could be a promising technology for the pretreatment of toxic and refractory organic wastewater.     

表面活性剂及其组合洗脱污染土壤中的硫丹

采用序批实验和并行解吸法,研究了添加和不添加Na2SiO3两种情况下,非离子表面活性剂和阴/非离子混合表面活性剂对污染老化土壤中α-、β-硫丹的洗脱效果与动力学特征.结果表明,不添加Na2SiO3时,α-、β-硫丹的洗脱率顺序为Tween80/SDS>Tween 80>Triton X-100.Triton X-100/SDS在100～500 mg·L-1和800～1 000 mg·L-1时的洗脱率分别低于和高于相应浓度的Triton X-100;添加Na2SiO3后,硫丹的洗脱率顺序为Tween 80/SDS>Tween 80>Triton X-100/SDS>Triton X-100,4种洗脱模式对硫丹的洗脱能力均显著提高,其中α-硫丹的洗脱率分别是不加Na2SiO3的1.17～2.73、1.87～4.02、1.85～6.56和1.87～2.85倍.硫丹的洗脱过程可用4参数2室一级动力学模型描述,存在明显的快速洗脱和慢速洗脱阶段;β-硫丹的洗脱速率和洗脱率均低于相应处理的α-硫丹,表明β-硫丹较难从土壤中洗脱;添加Na2SiO3可增大硫丹的快速和慢速洗脱速率常数,减少慢速洗脱的百分率.与其它洗脱模式比较,添加Na2SiO3的Tween 80/SDS能够高效、快速洗脱污染土壤中的硫丹,是一种优良的混合洗脱剂.     

螯合型表面活性剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰改性的研究

以垃圾焚烧飞灰的高附加值资源化和稳定化为目标,研究了螯合型表面活性剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰改性活化和对重金属的稳定螯合效果.通过活化指数和红外光谱分析,在改性剂用量7.0mL/100g飞灰、改性时间15min和改性温度75℃的条件下,ACS1改性飞灰的活化指数可达95%以上.美国环保局固体废弃物浸出毒性试验表明,螯合型表面活性剂对飞灰中重金属具有较强的束缚能力.     

一种新的阴离子表面活性剂电极的研制及应用

研制出一种新的阴离子表面活性电极,电极膜最佳组成：ＴＨＤＡ－ＤＢＳ５ｍｇ,ＤＢＰ０４ｍｌ,ＮＢ０．３ｍｌ,ＰＶＣ粉０．２ｇ,电极线性范围１×１０＾－３－８．１×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,级差５８ｍＶ／ｄｅｃ,对ＤＢＳ和ＳＤＳ检测分别为５．６×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和７．４×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

TMA改性粘土矿物对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附

用短链季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子（ＴＭＡ）改性膨润土和凹凸棒土,研究它们对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附作用。二种ＴＭＡ改性粘土矿物均可以有效地吸附模拟地下水中的苯系物,吸附机理较复杂,主要以表面吸附为主。     

UV/H2O2光催化氧化法处理表面活性剂废水

采用UV/H2O2光催化氧化法处理含表面活性剂废水,考察了反应时间、体系pH值、表面活性剂初始浓度、H2O2投加量、表面活性剂的种类等因素对处理效果的影响,并初步探讨了表面活性剂降解的反应动力学.结果表明,当初始pH值为4、H2O2投加量为1mL/L,反应时间为20min时,表面活性剂DBS的去除率为96%,AOS的去除率为93%,且UV/H2O2体系中,表面活性剂DBS和AOS的降解反应均符合表观拟一级反应动力学特征.