Hurricane storm surge in Volusia County,Florida: evidence of a tipping point for infrastructure damage

Storm surge often is the most destructive consequence of hurricanes and tropical storms, causing significant economic damage and loss of life. Many coastal communities that are located in high‐risk areas vis‐à‐vis hurricanes and tropical storms are prepared for moderate (between six and eight feet) storm surges. Such preparation, though, is not commensurate with more severe, but less frequent, storm surges (greater than eight feet). These gaps in preparedness have serious implications for community resilience. This paper explores elements of the vulnerability and resilience of coastal communities during major storm surge events, drawing on Volusia County, Florida, United States, as a case study. It simulates the impacts of five hurricanes (Categories I–V) and their associated storm surges on local infrastructure systems, populations, and access to resources. The results suggest that Volusia County is subject to a ‘tipping point’ , where surge damage from Category IV storms is significantly greater than that from Category III and lower hurricanes.     

全球气候变化背景下吉林省生长季水热变化及其种植策略研究

论文旨在揭示全球气候变化背景下,吉林省平原地区和林区的低、 中、 高海拔地区生长季水热变化规律,并据此提出各地区作物种植调整途径。研究结果表明:平原地区生长季积温增加和生长季长度延长及初日提前、 终日延后的变化最大,种植策略的调整空间最大;林区中、 高海拔地区的生长季长度和积温变化大于低海拔地区,三个海拔地区生长季长度的变化主要是生长季终日延后贡献的。以玉米种植为例,平原地区可提前播种时间,延后收获时间,改种晚熟品种代替中晚熟品种;为躲避严重的春旱,其西部地区可延后播种时间,仍然种植中晚熟品种。林区低海拔地区玉米种植以中晚熟品种代替中熟品种,林区中海拔地区用中早熟、 中熟品种代替早熟、 中早熟品种,林区高海拔地区可用中早熟品种代替极早、 早熟品种,三个地区主要通过延后收获时间,达到作物成熟所需热量。     

含水雾横向风作用下双喷口射流扩散火焰特性

为探究在横向风作用下不同超细水雾含量对双喷口射流扩散火焰燃烧特性的影响,利用高速摄像机拍摄火焰几何形态,分析不同喷口间距和横向风中的超细水雾含量对火焰形态演化、火焰长度和火焰吹熄极限的影响,并基于前人数学模型,推导与增长区域试验数据具有较好相关性的火焰拉伸长度变化的经验公式.结果 表明:随着横向风中雾通量的增加,双喷口...     

Response of bacterial communities to short-term pyrene exposure in red soil

Pyrene, a representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound produced mainly from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, is hazardous to ecosystem health. However, long-term exposure studies did not detect any significant effects of pyrene on soil microorganism. In this study, short-term microcosm experiments were conducted to identify the immediate effect of pyrene on soil bacterial communities. A freshly-collected pristine red soil was spiked with pyrene at 0, 10, 100, 200, and 500 mg·kg^-1 and incubated for one day and seven days. The bacterial communities in the incubated soils were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) methods. The results revealed high bacterial diversity in both unspiked and pyrene-spiked soils. Only at the highest pyrene-spiking rate of 500 mg·kg^-1, two minor bacteria groups of the identified 14 most abundant bacteria groups were completely suppressed. Short-term exposure to pyrene resulted in dominance of Proteobacteria in soil, followed by Acidobacteria, Firmutes, and Bacteroidetes. Our findings showed that bacterial community structure did respond to the presence of pyrene but recovered rapidly from the perturbation. The intensity of impact and the rate of recovery showed some pyrene dosage-dependent trends. Our results revealed that different levels of pyrene may affect the bacterial community structure by suppressing or selecting certain groups of bacteria. It was also found that the bacterial community was most susceptible to pyrene within one day of the chemical addition.     

Diversity and vertical distributions of sediment bacteria in an urban river contaminated by nutrients and heavy metals

The aim of this study was to investigate the benthic bacterial communities in different depths of an urban river sediment accumulated with high concentrations of nutrients and metals. Vertical distributions of bacterial operational taxonomic units （OTUs） and chemical para- meters （nutrients： NH4＋, NO3, dissolved organic carbon, and acid volatile sulfur; metals： Fe, Zn, and Cu） were characterized in 30 cm sediment cores. The bacterial OTUs were measured using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Biodiversity indexes and multivariate statistical analyses were used to characterize the spatial distributions of microbial diversity in response to the environmental parameters. Results showed that concentrations of the nutrients and metals in this river sediment were higher than those in similar studies. Furthermore, high microbial richness and diversity appeared in the sediment. The diversity did not vary obviously in the whole sediment profile. The change of the diversity indexes and the affiliations of the OTUs showed that the top layer had different bacterial community structure from deeper layers due to the hydrological disturbance and redox change in the surface sediment. The dominant bacterial OTUs ubiquitously existed in the deeper sediment layers （5-27 cm） corresponding to the distributions of the nutrients and metals. With much higher diversity than the dominant OTUs, the minor bacterial assemblages varied with depths, which might be affected by the sedimentation process and the environmental competition pressure.     

射流曝气的气液两相流的数值模拟

射流曝气在活性污泥处理方法中起着重要的作用.采用数值模拟的方法研究自吸式单级单喷射流器中的气液两相流动状况,通过对不同长径比和喷嘴面积比的射流曝气器模型的气液两相流的计算,定量分析长径比和喷嘴面积比对射流曝气器流场和空气与工作介质流量比的影响,为进一步设计开发新型高效的射流曝气器提供参考.     

基于RAPD技术检测不同烃链长度咪唑基离子液体对日本三角涡虫的遗传毒性

RAPD标记通常用于遗传作图、分类和系统发育研究,该技术也可用于检测DNA损伤或突变。本研究利用RAPD技术检测了4种不同烃链长度的咪唑基离子液体对日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)的遗传毒性。在20条随机引物中共筛选出11条用于RAPD扩增,其中对照组共扩增出65条带。与对照组相比,离子液体处理组的RAPD图谱变化表现在条带亮度增强或减弱以及新带的出现和正常带的消失。各处理组多态性带及变异带的总数随离子液体烃链碳原子数增加而增加,而基因组模板稳定性则随离子液体烃链长度增加而降低,这说明咪唑基离子液体对涡虫有遗传毒性,且随着离子液体烃链长度增加其对涡虫的遗传毒性增强。同时研究结果也证明RAPD分析是一种检测环境污染物对动物DNA损伤的灵敏方法。     

煤尘爆炸性鉴定中瞬间火焰长度检测技术的研究

确定煤尘爆炸性质需要检测其燃烧瞬间的火焰长度,现有的大管状煤尘爆炸性鉴定系统以肉眼观察作为主要检测手段,存在测量精度差、重复性误差大以及人为干扰因素多等问题,提出将数字图像处理技术引入到煤尘爆炸性鉴定系统的方法即通过采用数字图像处理技术,对煤尘火焰图像进行预处理及图像分割与边缘检测后,得到最大火焰长度特征参数,并推导出煤尘爆炸的判断依据。     

纵向风作用下竖井自然排烟对隧道内烟气逆流长度的影响

为了研究纵向风作用下隧道内竖井自然排烟对烟气逆流长度的影响,采用数值模拟的方法,建立了不同竖井高度的全尺寸隧道模型。并选取无竖井排烟的工况作为对照组,模拟不同火源功率下,改变竖井与火源纵向距离时竖井自然排烟对烟气逆流长度的影响和竖井排烟失效临界风速的变化。结果表明：当纵向风风速较小时,竖井对烟气逆流起抑制作用;随着风速增大,烟气逆流被控制在竖井近域范围内,竖井对烟气逆流的抑制作用减弱;当风速足够大时,烟气逆流将被完全限制在竖井下游,此时竖井排烟作用失效,且对纵向通风气流起到分流作用,烟气逆流长度反而变长。在此基础上,提出了竖井排烟失效临界风速的概念,竖井排烟失效临界风速随竖井高度增加而增大。     

Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Results for the Evaluation of the Depollution Effectiveness of Photocatalytic Coverings in Street Canyons

Towards the aim of improving the air quality in the urban environment via the application of innovative TiO₂ based photocatalytic coverings, a field campaign took place within the frame of the EU PICADA project () to asses the expected depollution efficiency of such materials under realistic conditions. Furthermore, extensive numerical modeling was performed via the application of the RANS CFD code for microscale applications MIMO, in an effort to asses the sensitivity of the developing flow field and the corresponding dispersion mechanism and hence of the depollution efficiency of the PICADA products on a wide range of factors, with most notably the length of the street canyon, the thermal exchange between the heated street canyon walls and the air and the approaching wind direction. For the needs of the PICADA project a new, simple module had to be implemented into MIMO to be able to model the removal of NO_x from a street canyon whose walls have been treated with a photocatalytic product. The model simulations results presented in this paper, show that MIMO is indeed capable of predicting the effectiveness of the photocatalytic products in question. At the same time, they reveal a strong dependence of the developing flow and concentration fields inside the field site street canyon configuration on most of the aforementioned factors with most notably the direction of the approaching wind.