离子液体对三种农作物发芽和生长的毒性研究

为了考察离子液体的生态毒性,研究了5种离子液体及其浓度变化对3种农作物发芽及生长状况的影响。结果表明：就种子发芽这一生态毒理指标而言,不同作物对离子液体毒性的敏感程度不同,其次序为黄瓜>玉米>白菜;在一定浓度下,离子液体对白菜、黄瓜和玉米均具有一定的毒害作用;对于所考察的5种离子液体,阴离子为卤素的［EMIM］Br和［BMIM］Cl对植物发芽和生长的抑制作用远大于阴离子为烷基硫酸酯和烷基磷酸酯的同类离子液体 ［EMIM］［ES］、［EMIM］［DEP］和［MMIM］［DMP］。这种毒性顺序可能与卤素离子对细胞膜较强的穿透能力和由于离子液体的稳定性所造成的阴阳“离子对”的共迁移有关。     

预混乙炔-空气爆燃火焰在平板狭缝中传播与熄灭的实验研究

通过对预混乙炔-空气爆燃火焰在平板狭缝中的传播与熄灭过程进行试验研究,分析临界火焰传播速度、狭缝高度和熄灭长度之间的关系。实验结果表明,当狭缝高度一定时,临界火焰传播速度越大,熄灭长度越大,熄灭长度与临界火焰传播速度近似呈正比例关系。在相同的临界火焰传播速度条件下,随着狭缝高度的增加,熄灭长度值迅速增大,说明狭缝高度对预混火焰的传播与熄灭有显著影响。     

旋风分离器排气管最佳插入深度的实验与分析

采用实验方法考察物料特性、入口气速、排气管直径、入口截面积4种因素对排气管最佳插入深度的影响。实验结果表明,排气管的最佳插入深度主要受粉料中位粒径和粒径分布的影响,中位粒径越小,包含的小粒径颗粒越多,最佳插入深度越大,而与其他3项参数无关。另外,插入深度在最佳位置附近变化时,效率波动不大,远离最佳位置后,效率大幅下降,并且在大排气管直径,大入口条件下,效率对插入深度更为敏感。短路流和内旋流二次分离的协同作用是形成以上现象的主要原因。     

The academic medical centre and nongovernmental organisation partnership following a natural disaster

The global response to the 12 January 2010 earthquake in Haiti revealed the ability to mobilise medical teams quickly and effectively when academic medical centres partner non-governmental organisations (NGO) that already have a presence in a zone of devastation. Most established NGOs based in a certain region are accustomed to managing the medical conditions that are common to that area and will need additional and specialised support to treat the flux of myriad injured persons. Furthermore, an NGO with an established presence in a region prior to a disaster appears better positioned to provide sustained recovery and rehabilitation relief. Academic medical centres can supply these essential specialised resources for a prolonged time. This relationship between NGOs and academic medical centres should be further developed prior to another disaster response. This model has great potential with regard to the rapid preparation and worldwide deployment of skilled medical and surgical teams when needed following a disaster, as well as to the subsequent critical recovery phase.     

Predicting Root Density in Streambanks1

Abstract: Roots of riparian vegetation increase streambank erosion resistance and structural stability; therefore, knowledge of root density and distribution in streambanks is useful for stream management and restoration. The objective of this study was to compare streambank root distributions for herbaceous and woody vegetation and to develop empirical models to predict root density. Root length density, root volume ratio, soil physical and chemical properties, and above‐ground vegetation densities were measured at 25 sites on six streams in southwestern Virginia. The Mann‐Whitney test was used to determine differences in root density along stream segments dominated by either woody or herbaceous vegetation. Multiple linear regression was used to develop relationships between root density and site characteristics. Study results showed that roots were evenly distributed across the bank face with the majority of roots having diameters less than 2 mm. Soil bulk density and above‐ground vegetation were key factors influencing root density. While significant relationships were developed to predict root density, the predictive capabilities of the equations was low. Because of the highly variable nature of soil and vegetation properties, it is recommended at this time that soil erodibility and root density be measured in the field for design and modeling purposes, rather than estimated based on empirical relationships.     

Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Biosynthesis from Crude Alaskan Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Oil

Six strains of Pseudomonas were tested for their abilities to synthesize poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers from crude Pollock oil, a large volume byproduct of the Alaskan fishing industry. All six strains were found to produce PHA polymers from hydrolyzed Pollock oil with productivities (P; the percent of the cell mass that is polymer) ranging from 6 to 53% of the cell dry weight (CDW). Two strains, P. oleovorans NRRL B-778 (P = 27%) and P. oleovorans NRRL B-14682 (P = 6%), synthesized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with number average molecular weights (M_n) of 206,000 g/mol and 195,000 g/mol, respectively. Four strains, P. oleovorans NRRL B-14683 (P = 52%), P. resinovorans NRRL B-2649 (P = 53%), P. corrugata 388 (P = 43%), and P. putida KT2442 (P = 39%), synthesized medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA) polymers with M_n values ranging from 84,000 g/mol to 153,000 g/mol. All mcl-PHA polymers were primarily composed of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (C_8:0) and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (C_10:0) amounting to at least 75% of the total monomers present. Unsaturated monomers were also present in the mcl-PHA polymers at concentrations between 13% and 16%, providing loci for polymer derivatization and/or crosslinking. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

沙质草地植被防风抗蚀生态效应的野外观测研究

采用定位实测法,研究了科尔沁沙地沙质草地植被防风抗蚀的生态效应.结果表明:在春季风沙活动期,退化沙质草地不同恢复阶段的植被盖度存在很大差异,从流动沙地的0.3%增至固定沙地的16%.植被盖度的有序增加导致下垫面空气动力学粗糙度从流动沙地的0.013cm增至固定沙地的0.111cm,摩阻速度从0.272 m·s^-1增至0.823 m·s^-1,近地表20cm高度平均风速由7.0 m·s^-1降至3.8 m·s^-1,侵蚀风持续时数由2h降至1h.相应地,0～20cm气流层内的总输沙量由流动沙地的88.8 g·(h·cm²)^-1降至固定沙地的1.6 g·(h·cm²)^-1.回归分析表明,在退化沙质草地的恢复过程中,植被盖度VC与土壤风蚀率Q间具有良好的指数函数关系:Q=3.93+93.66e^-0.60VC(R²=0.893,p<0.0001,n=40).     

火源长宽比对隧道内矩形火燃烧特性的影响研究

开展了一系列小尺寸实验研究隧道内不同火源受限情况下的火焰形态和顶棚射流火焰长度。实验中采用四个长宽比范围1~8的矩形气体燃烧器作为火源,并通过改变火源的摆放位置和贴壁方向(长边贴壁和短边贴壁)来改变火源的受限程度。结果表明:当火源置于开放空间非受限场景时,随着火源长宽比的增大,火源卷吸空气周长增大,导致火焰高度不断减小。对于贴壁火当矩形火源的长边贴壁时,随着长宽比的增大,其火焰高度同样不断减小;由于卷吸不对称,火焰贴着墙壁向上方蔓延,其火焰高度明显高于开放空间条件下的值。当火源短边贴壁时,火焰高度虽然仍随长宽比的增大而减小,但其火焰高度与开放空间相近,明显小于长边贴壁的情况,说明此时空气卷吸受限程度不大,火焰蔓延没有受到墙壁明显的影响。在前人对轴对称火源(方形和圆形火源)研究的基础上,本文对矩形火源位于隧道纵向中心线和紧贴隧道侧壁的火焰形态和火源长度进行了实验研究,定义了一个修正的无量纲火源功率?Q *mod,并引入了考虑矩形火源长宽比的无量纲特征参量(n+1)/n,建立了综合考虑火源功率、火源尺寸和贴壁方向的矩形贴壁火的火焰长度关系式。     

水平风对不同液位深度酒精池火火焰长度的影响

通过改变风速、液位深度的大小,研究边界条件变化对酒精池火火焰长度的影响。研究结果表明：在无量纲液位深度小于一定值时,酒精池火的火焰长度会随着风速的增加而增大,当无量纲液位深度较大时,油盘外部酒精池火的火焰长度基本为0。风速相同而液位深度不同时,酒精池火的火焰长度会随着液位深度的增大首先增大,而后逐渐减小。这主要是因为,液位深度较大时,燃料表面的供氧量降低导致燃烧效率降低,最终导致火焰长度的减小。     

广东沿海风暴潮灾害应急管理初探

广东沿海由于特殊的地理位置和气候条件,是风暴潮灾害的高发区。在分析广东沿海风暴潮灾害特点、广东省风暴潮灾害防御体系建设现状的基础上,总结了广东沿海风暴潮灾害应急管理中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议,可供工程技术人员和政府管理人员参考。